Alexander BA. 1992. An exploratory analysis of cladistic relationships within the superfamily Apoidea, with special reference to sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera). J. Hymenopt. Res. 1:25-61
Alexander BA, Michener CD. 1995. Phylogenetic studies of the families of short-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 55:377-424
Almeida EAB, Danforth BN. 2009. Phylogeny of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) inferred from four nuclear genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 50:290-309
Almeida EAB, Pie MR, Brady SG, Danforth BN. 2012. Biogeography and diversification of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world. J. Biogeogr. 39:526-44
Ascher JS. 2004. Systematics of the Bee Family Andrenidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). PhD thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 333 pp.
Ascher JS, Engel MS. 2006. On the availability of family-group names based on Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Entomol. News 117:117-19
Ascher JS, Pickering J. 2012. Discover life: bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www. discoverlife. org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea-species&flags=HAS
Brady SG, Danforth BN. 2004. Recent intron gain in elongation factor 1-α of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 21:691-96
Brady SG, Litman JR, Danforth BN. 2011. Rooting phylogenies using gene duplications: an empirical example from the bees (Apoidea). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 60:295-304
Brady SG, Sipes S, Pearson A, Danforth BN. 2006. Recent and simultaneous origins of eusociality in halictid bees. Proc. R. Soc. B 273:1643-49
Buchmann SL. 1987. The ecology of oil flowers and their bees. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:343-69
Camargo JMF, Roubik DW. 1991. Systematics and bionomics of the apoid obligate necrophages: the Trigona hypogea group (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Meliponinae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 44:13-39
Cameron SA. 1993. Multiple origins of advanced eusociality in bees inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8687-91
Cameron SA, Hines HM, Williams PH. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 91:161-88
Cane JH, Sipes S. 2006. Characterizing floral specialization by bees: analytical methods and a revised lexicon for oligolecty. In Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization toGeneralization, ed. NMWaser, J Ollerton, pp. 99-122. Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
Cardinal S, Danforth BN. 2011. The antiquity and evolutionary history of social behavior in bees. PLoS ONE 6:e21086
Cardinal S, Packer L. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of the corbiculate Apinae based on morphology of the sting apparatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Cladistics 23:99-118
Cardinal S, Straka J, Danforth BN. 2010. Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:16207-11
Chenoweth LB, Schwarz MP. 2011. Biogeographical origins and diversification of the exoneurine allodapine bees of Australia (Hymenoptera, Apidae). J. Biogeogr. 38:1471-83
Danforth BN. 1999. Phylogeny of the bee genus Lasioglossum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on mitochondrial COI sequence data. Syst. Entomol. 24:377-93
Danforth BN. 2002. Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:286-90
Danforth BN, Brady SG, Sipes SD, Pearson A. 2004. Single-copy nuclear genes recover Cretaceous-age divergences in bees. Syst. Biol. 53:309-26
Danforth BN, Conway L, Ji SQ. 2003. Phylogeny of eusocial Lasioglossum reveals multiple losses of eusociality within a primitively eusocial clade of bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Syst. Biol. 52:23-36
Danforth BN, Eardley C, Packer L, Walker K, Pauly A, Randrianambinintsoa FJ. 2008. Phylogeny of Halictidae with an emphasis on endemic African Halictinae. Apidologie 39:86-101
Danforth BN, Fang J, Sipes S. 2006. Analysis of family-level relationships in bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) using 28S and two previously unexplored nuclear genes: CAD and RNA polymerase II. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39:358-72
Danforth BN, Ji S. 2001. Australian Lasioglossum + Homalictus form a monophyletic group: resolving the "Australian enigma. " Syst. Biol. 50:268-83
Danforth BN, Sauquet H, Packer L. 1999. Phylogeny of the bee genus Halictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on parsimony and likelihood analyses of nuclear EF-1αsequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13:605-18
Danforth BN, Sipes S, Fang J, Brady SG. 2006. The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:15118-23
D̈otterl S, Vereecken NJ. 2010. The chemical ecology and evolution of bee-flower interactions: a review and perspectives. Can. J. Zool. 88:668-97
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 7:214
Eickwort GC. 1969. Tribal positions of Western Hemisphere green sweat bees with comments on their nest architecture (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:652-60
Engel MS. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 259:1-192
Engel MS. 2005. Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Am. Mus. Novit. 3476:1-33
Flores-Prado L, Flores SV, McAllister BF. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among tribes inXylocopinae (Apidae) and implications on nest structure evolution. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 57:237-44
Fuller S, Schwarz M, Tierney S. 2005. Phylogenetics of the allodapine bee genus Braunsapis: historical biogeography and long-range dispersal over water. J. Biogeogr. 32:2135-44
Gibbs J, Albert J, Packer L. 2012. Dual origins of social parasitism in North American Dialictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) confirmed using a phylogenetic approach. Cladistics 28:195-207
Gonzalez VH, Griswold T, Praz CJ, Danforth BN. 2012. Phylogeny of the bee family Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) based on adult morphology. Syst. Entomol. 37:261-86
Hines HM. 2008. Historical biogeography, divergence times, and diversification patterns of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). Syst. Biol. 57:58-75
Hines HM, Cameron SA. 2010. The phylogenetic position of the bumble bee inquiline Bombus inexspectatus and implications for the evolution of social parasitism. Insectes Soc. 57:379-83
Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium. 2006. Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Nature 443:931-49
Huelsenbeck JP, Crandall KA. 1997. Phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:437-66
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754-55
Janz N, Nylin S. 2008. The oscillation hypothesis of host-plant range and speciation. In Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation: The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects, ed. KJ Tilmon, pp. 203-15. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
Kawakita A, Ascher JS, Sota T, Kato M, Roubik DW. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the corbiculate bee tribes based on 12 nuclear protein-coding genes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae). Apidologie 39:163-75
Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, et al. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274:303-13
Koulianos S, Schmid-Hempel R, Roubik DW, Schmid-Hempel P. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships within the corbiculate Apinae (Hymenoptera) and the evolution of eusociality. J. Evol. Biol. 12:380-84
Krombein KV, Hurd PD Jr, Smith DR. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North ofMexico (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press. 2, 209 pp.
Larkin LL, Neff JL, Simpson BB. 2006. Phylogeny of the Callandrena subgenus of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data: polyphyly and convergent evolution. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38:330-43
Larkin LL, Neff JL, Simpson BB. 2008. The evolution of a pollen diet: host choice and diet breadth of Andrena bees (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Apidologie 39:133-45
Leys R, Cooper SJB, Schwarz MP. 2002. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77:249-66
Lin CP, Danforth BN. 2004. How do insect nuclear andmitochondrial gene substitution patterns differ? Insights from Bayesian analyses of combined datasets. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30:686-702
Litman JR, Danforth BN, Eardley CD, Praz CJ. 2011. Why do leafcutter bees cut leaves? New insights into the early evolution of bees. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:3593-600
Magnacca KN, Danforth BN. 2006. Evolution and biogeography of native Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Cladistics 22:393-411
Magnacca KN, Danforth BN. 2007. Low nuclear DNA variation supports a recent origin of Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43:908-15
Matthews RW. 1968. Microstigmus comes: sociality in a sphecid wasp. Science 160:787-88
McGinley RJ. 1980. Glossal morphology of the Colletidae and recognition of the Stenotritidae at the family level (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 53:539-52
McGinley RJ. 1981. Systematics of the Colletidae based on mature larvae with phenetic analysis of apoid larvae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 91:1-307
Melo GAR. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the major lineages of Apoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on the crabronid wasps. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Pap. 14:1-55
Michener CD. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 82:152-317
Michener CD. 1978. The classification of halictine bees: tribes and old world nonparasitic genera with strong venation. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 51:501-38
Michener CD. 1978. The parasitic groups of Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 51:291-339
Michener CD. 1981. Classification of the bee family Melittidae, with a review of species ofMeganomiinae. Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 18:1-135
Michener CD. 2007. The Bees of theWorld. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 953 pp. 2nd ed.
Michener CD. 2007. The professional development of an entomologist. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52:1-15
Michez D, Patiny S, Danforth BN. 2009. Phylogeny of the bee family Melittidae (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Syst. Entomol. 34:574-97
Michez D, Patiny S, Rasmont P, Timmermann K, Vereecken NJ. 2008. Phylogeny and host-plant evolution in Melittidae s. l. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Apidologie 39:146-62
Minckley RL, Roulston TH. 2006. Incidental mutualisms and pollen specialization among bees. In Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization, ed. NM Waser, J Ollerton, pp. 69-98. Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
M̈uller A. 1996. Host-plant specialization in western Palearctic Anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Ecol. Monogr. 66:235-57
Ohl M, Bleidorn C. 2006. The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wasp family Heterogynaidae based on molecular data, with description of a new, nocturnal species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Syst. Entomol. 31:321-37
Patiny S. 2011. Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 477 pp.
Patiny S, Michez D, Danforth BN. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships and host-plant evolution within the basal clade of Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Cladistics 24:255-69
Perkins RCL. 1912. Notes, with descriptions of new species, on aculeate Hymenoptera of the Australian Region. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8:96-121
Pesenko YA. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of the family Halictidae revised (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 72:104-23
Pilgrim EM, von Dohlen CD, Pitts JP. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zool. Scr. 37:539-60
Praz CJ, M̈uller A, Danforth BN, Griswold TL, Widmer A, Dorn S. 2008. Phylogeny and biogeography of bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 49:185-97
Praz CJ, M̈uller A, Dorn S. 2008. Host recognition in a pollen-specialist bee: evidence for a genetic basis. Apidologie 39:547-57
Praz CJ, M̈uller A, Dorn S. 2008. Specialized bees fail to develop on non-host pollen:Doplants chemically protect their pollen? Ecology 89:795-804
Prentice MA. 1998. The comparative morphology and phylogeny of Apoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). PhD thesis. Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 1, 439 pp.
Raḿ?rez SR, Roubik DW, Skov CE, Pierce NE. 2010. Phylogeny, diversification patterns and historical biogeography of euglossine orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 100:552-72
Rasmussen C, Cameron SA. 2010. Global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence, vicariance, and long distance dispersal. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 99:206-32
Rehan SM, Chapman TW, Craigie AI, Richards MH, Cooper SJB, Schwarz MP. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ceratinini) indicates early and rapid global dispersal. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55:1042-54
Renner SS, Schaefer H. 2010. The evolution and loss of oil-offering flowers: new insights from dated phylogenies for angiosperms and bees. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 365:423-35
Roig-Alsina A, Michener CD. 1993. Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 55:123-62
Ross KG, Matthews RW. 1989. New evidence for eusociality in the sphecid wasp Microstigmus comes. Anim. Behav. 38:613-19
Rozen JG Jr. 2000. Systematic and geographic distributions of Neotropical cleptoparasitic bees, with notes on their modes of parasitism. In Encontro sobre Abelhas, IV, ed. MMG Bitondi, K Hartfelder, pp. 204-10. Brazil: Ribeir̃ao Preto
Rozen JG Jr. 2003. A new tribe, genus, and species of South American panurgine bee (Andrenidae, Panurginae), oligolectic on Nolana (Nolanaceae). In Apoidea Neotropica: Homenagem aos 90 Anos de Jesus Santiago Moure, ed. GAR Melo, I Alves dos Santos, pp. 93-106. Crici ́ uma: UNESC
Sakagami SF, Michener CD. 1987. Tribes of Xylocopinae and origin of the Apidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:439-50
Schaefer H, Renner SS. 2008. Aphylogeny of the oil bee tribe Ctenoplectrini (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) based on mitochondrial and nuclear data: evidence for Early Eocene divergence and repeated out-of-Africa dispersal. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47:799-811
Schwarz MP, Bull NJ, Cooper SJB. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of allodapine bees, with implications for the evolution of sociality and progressive rearing. Syst. Biol. 52:1-14
Schwarz MP, Fuller S, Tierney SM, Cooper SJB. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of the exoneurine allodapine bees reveal an ancient and puzzling dispersal from Africa to Australia. Syst. Biol. 55:31-45
Schwarz MP, Richards MH, Danforth BN. 2007. Changing paradigms in insect social evolution: insights from halictine and allodapine bees. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52:127-50
Schwarz MP, Tierney SM, Rehan SM, Chenoweth LB, Cooper SJB. 2011. The evolution of eusociality in allodapine bees:Workers began by waiting. Biol. Lett. 7:277-80
Sedivy C, M̈uller A, Dorn S. 2011. Closely related pollen generalist bees differ in their ability to develop on the same pollen diet: evidence for physiological adaptations to digest pollen. Funct. Ecol. 25:718-25
Sedivy C, Praz CJ, Müller A, Widmer A, Dorn S. 2008. Patterns of host-plant choice in bees of the genus Chelostoma: the constraint hypothesis of host-range evolution in bees. Evolution 62:2487-507
Silveira FA. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of the Exomalopsini and Ancylini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 55:163-73
Sipes SD, Tepedino VJ. 2005. Pollen-host specificity and evolutionary patterns of host switching in a clade of specialist bees (Apoidea: Diadasia). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86:487-505
Smith JA, Tierney SM, Park YC, Fuller S, Schwarz MP. 2007. Origins of social parasitism: the importance of divergence ages in phylogenetic studies. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 43:1131-37
Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Endress PK, Chase MW. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 370 pp.
Spessa A, Schwarz P, Adams M. 2000. Sociality in Amphylaeus morosus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Hylaeinae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93:684-92
Straka J, Bogusch P. 2007. Phylogeny of the bees of the family Apidae based on larval characters with focus on the origin of cleptoparasitism (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Syst. Entomol. 32:700-11
Thompson GJ, Oldroyd BP. 2004. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the origin of eusociality in corbiculate bees. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 33:452-56
Tierney SM, Sanjur O, Grajales GG, Santos LM, Bermingham E, Wcislo WT. 2012. Photic niche invasions: phylogenetic history of the dim-light foraging augochlorine bees (Halictidae). Proc. R. Soc. B 279:794-803
Tierney SM, Smith JA, Chenoweth L, Schwarz MP. 2008. Phylogenetics of allodapine bees: a review of social evolution, parasitism and biogeography. Apidologie 39:3-15
Wcislo WT, Cane JH. 1996. Floral resource utilization by solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and exploitation of their stored foods by natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:257-86
Williams N. 2003. Use of novel pollen species by specialist and generalist solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Oecologia 134:228-37
Woodard SH, Fischman BJ, Venkat A, Hudson ME, Varala K, et al. 2011. Genes involved in convergent evolution of eusociality in bees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:7472-77
