[en] We discuss the distribution ranges of 57 species of bees (representing 19 genera and 7 subfamilies) within a region including the Sahara and Arabian deserts and their adjacent areas (SAD). More than 8,000 biogeographical records for a total of 291 species of bees were included in this study. We calculated several biodiversity indices and show that the study area is characterised by high species diversity (33%) and endemism (58%) rates. Our results show that composition of the SAD fauna results mainly from a 'Nearest Neighbour Effect', implying the adjacent areas. However, the influences of more distant areas, like Central Asia and the sub-Saharan region, are also significant, notably in their contribution to species endemism. The comparison of the distributions of the studied species support the description of diversity hotspots in specific areas: western Atlas (Morocco), eastern Atlas (Tunisia), Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Nile Valley, Jordan Valley and Oman hills. Five distributional patterns, fitting the ranges of the studied species, are described. The local water availability and the historical cycles of ecological changes in SAD are hypothesised powerful explanatory factors of the observed distributions shapes.
Disciplines :
Zoology
Author, co-author :
Patiny, Sébastien
Michez, Denis ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Zoologie
Language :
English
Title :
Biogeography of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Sahara and the Arabian deserts
Adams, J. M. & Faure, H. (1997) Preliminary Vegetation Maps of the World since the Last Glacial Maximum: An Aid to Archaeological Understanding. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 623-647.
Andrews, P. & O'Brien, E.M. (2000) Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species richness in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology 251: 205-231.
Baker, D. B. (1972) A revision of the genus Plesiopanurgus Cameron, with notes on some Arabian and African Panurginae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Entomology 41: 35-43.
Baker, D. B. (1996) Notes on some palaearctic and oriental Systropha, with descriptions of new species and a key to the species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Journal of Natural History 30: 1527-1547.
Barbier, Y. & Rasmont, P. (2000) Carto Fauna-Flora 2.0. Guide d'utilisation. 59 pp. Université de Mons-Hainaut, Mons.
Barbier, Y., Rasmont, P., Dufrêne, M. & Sibert, J. M. (2000) Data Fauna-Flora. Guide d'utilisation. 107 pp. Université de Mons-Hainaut, Mons.
Cane, J. H., Minckley, R., Kervin, L. & Roulston, T. (2005) Temporally persistent patterns of incidence and abundance in a pollinator guild at annual and decadal scales: the bees of Larrea tridentata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 319-329.
Ceballos G. & Brown J. (1995) Global Patterns of Mammalian Diversity, Endemism and Endangerment. Conservation Biology 9: 559-568.
Cox, B. C. & Moore, P. D. (2005) Biogeography. An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Seventh Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Danforth, B. N. & Ascher, J. (1999) Flowers and Insect Evolution. Science 283: 143.
Danforth, B. N., Brady, S. G., Sipes, S. D. & Pearson, A. (2004) Single-Copy Nuclear Genes Recover Cretaceous-Age Divergences in Bees. Systematic Biology 53: 309-326.
De Lattin, G. (1967) Grundriss der Zoogeographie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Suttgart.
Eardley, C. D. (1988) A revision of the genus Lithurgus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) of sub-saharan Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 51: 251-263.
Eardley, C. D. (1991a) The genus Epeolus Latreille from subsaharan Africa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of Natural History 25: 711-731.
Eardley, C. D. (1991b) The Southern African Panurginae (Andrenidae: Hymenoptera). Phytophylactica 23:115-136.
Eardley, C. D. (1996) Diversity and endemism of southern African bees. Bulletin of Plants Protection Research Institute 18: 1-2.
Eardley, C. D. & Schwarz, M. (1991) The Afrotropical species of Nomada Scopoli (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Phytophylactica 23: 17-27.
Ebmer, P. A. W. & Schwammberger, K.-H. (1986) Die Bienengattung Rophites Spinola 1808 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Dufoureinae), Senckenbergiana biologica 66: 271-304.
Emberton, K. C., Pearce, T. A., Kasigwa, P. F., Tattersfield, P. & Habibu, Z. (1997) High diversity and regional endemism in land snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1123-1136.
Engel, M. S. (2002) Phylogeny of the bee tribe Fideliini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), with the description of a new genus from Southern Africa. African Entomology 10: 305-313.
Gess, S. K. (1992) Biogeography of the masarine wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae) with particular emphasis on the southern African taxa and on the correlations between masarine and forage plant distributions. Journal of Biogeography 19: 491-503.
Gorodkov, K. B. (1986a) Three-dimensional climatic model of the potential range and some of its characteristics I. Entomological review 65: 1-18. (Traduction from Russian: Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye).
Gorodkov, K. B. (1986b) Three-dimensional climatic model of the potential range and some of its characteristics II. Entomological review 65: 19-35. (Traduction from Russian: Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye).
Gorodkov, K. B. (1990) Dynamics of Range: A General Approach I. Entomological Society of America. Entomological review. 69: 110-130. (Traduction from Russian: Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye).
Gorodkov, K. B. (1992) Dynamics of Range: General Approach II. Dynamics of Range and Evolution of Taxa (Qualitative or Phyletic Changes of Range). Entomological review 70: 81-99. (Traduction from Russian: Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye).
Grinnell, J. (1917) Field tests of theories concerning distributional control. American Naturalist 51: 115-128.
Hewitt, G. M. (1999) Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 87-115.
Kuhlmann, M. (2005) Diversity, distribution patterns and endemism of southern African bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Pp. 167-172 in Huber, B. A., Sinclair, B. J. & Lampe, K.-H.: African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Springer Verlag, Bonn.
Leys, R., Cooper, S. J. B. & Schwarz, M. P. (2000) Molecular Phylogeny of the Large Carpenter Bees, Genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 407-418.
Leys, R., Cooper, S. J. B. & Schwarz, M. P. (2002) Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77: 249-266.
Marchant, R. & Hooghiemstra, H. (2004) Rapid environmental change in African and South American tropics around 4000 years before present: a review. Earth-Science Reviews 66: 217-260.
Mayer, C. & Kuhlmann, M. (2004) Synchrony of pollinators and plants in the winter rainfall area of South Africa - observations from a drought year. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59: 55-57.
Michener, C. D. (1979) Biogeography of the bees. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: 277-342.
Michener, C. D. (1981) Classification of the bee family Melittidae with a review of species of Meganomiinae. Contribution of the American Entomological Institute 18: 1-135.
Michener, C. D. (2000) The bees of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Michez, D. (2005) Dasypoda (Megadasypoda) intermedia sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae), new species from Iran. Zoologische mededelingen 79: 123-127.
Michez, D. & Patiny, S. (2005) World revision of the oil-collecting bee genus Macropis Panzer 1809 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae) with a description of a new species from Laos. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 41: 15-28.
Michez, D., Terzo, M. & Rasmont, P. (2004a) Révision des espèces ouest-paléarctiques du genre Dasypoda Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 36: 847-900.
Michez, D., Terzo, M. & Rasmont, P. (2004b) Phylogénie, biogéographie et choix floraux des abeilles oligolectiques du genre Dasypoda Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 40: 421-435.
Michez, D., Else, G. R. & Roberts, R. B. (2007) Biogeography, floral choices and re-description of Promelitta alboclypeata (Friese 1900) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae). African Entomology, in press.
Minckley, R. L., Cane, J. H. & Kervin, L. (2000) Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267: 265-271.
Moldenke, A. R. & Neff, J. L. (1974). The bees of California: a catalogue with special relevance to pollination and ecological research. Tech. reports 74-1 to 74-6, Origin and Structure of Ecosystems, IRP/IBP, University of California, Santa Cruz.
NOS (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the World. National Geographic Society, http://www.national-geographic.com/wildworld/terrestrial. html.
Olago, D. O. (2001) Vegetation changes over palaeotime scales in Africa. Climate Research 17: 105-121.
Parmesan, C., Gaines, S., Gonzalez, L., Kaufman, D. M., Kingsolyer, J., Peterson, A. T. & Sagarin, R. (2005) Empirical perspectives on species borders: from traditional biogeography to global change. Oikos 108: 58-75.
Patiny, S. (1999a) Etude phylogénétique des Panurginae de l'ancien monde (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 31: 249-275.
Patiny, S. (1999b) Synonymie de Meliturgula minima Friese, 1912 et description d'une nouvelle espèce sénégalaise (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Panurginae). Notes fauniques de Gembloux 37: 57-62.
Patiny, S. (2001) Monographie des Panurginae de l'ancien monde (Hymenoptera : Apoidea, Andrenidae). Ph-D. Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux.
Patiny, S. (2003) Phylogénie des espèces de Clavipanurgus WARNCKE, 1972 (Apoidea, Andrenidae, Panurginae). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 39: 229-234
Patiny, S. (2004a) Descriptions of the males of two recently described South African Panurginae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), with updated keys to the African species of Melitturga and Meliturgula. Zootaxa 669: 1-12.
Patiny, S. (2004b) Analysis of the Panurginae distribution in West-Africa and report of new data for Meliturgula scriptifrons (Walker 1871) in Mali (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrenidae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 36: 901-906.
Patiny, S. & Gaspar, C. (2000a) Biogéographie des Melitturga Latreille 1809, Meliturgula Friese, 1903 et des genres proches (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, Panurginae). Notes fauniques de Gembloux 39: 3-44.
Patiny, S. & Gaspar, C. (2000b) Premier aperçu de la biodiversité des Panurginae (Hym.: Andrenidae) de l'Anti-Atlas (Maroc). Notes fauniques de Gembloux 41: 33-43.
Patiny, S. & Michez, D. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of the Systropha Illiger, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and description of a new subgenus. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 42: 27-44.
Patiny, S., Ortiz-Sanchez, F. J. & Michez, D. (2005) A review of Panurgus (Pachycephalopanurgus), with the description of a new species from Spain. Zootaxa 1037: 37-48.
Patiny, S. & Rasmont, P. (1999) Description d'un nouveau sous-genre de Plesiopanurgus Cameron, 1907 (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Panurginae). Notes fauniques de Gembloux 37: 77-80.
Pauly, A. (1990) Classification des Nomiinae Africains (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren.
Pauly, A., Brooks, L., Nilsson, A., Pesenko, Y. A., Eardley, C. D., Terzo, M., Griswold, T., Schwarz, M., Patiny, S., Munzinger, J. & Barbier, Y. (2001) Hymenoptera Apoidea de Madagascar et des îles voisines. Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren.
Pesenko, Y. A. & Pauly, A. (2005) Monograph of the Bees of the Subfamily Nomioidinae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Africa (excluding Madagascard). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.) 41: 129-23.
Radchenko, V. G. & Pesenko, Y. A. (1994) Biology of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Russian Academy of Siences, Zoological Institut, St. Petersburg.
Rasmont, P., Ebmer, A., Banaszak, J. & Van Der Zanden, G. (1995) Hymenoptera Apoidea Gallica. Liste taxonomique des abeilles de France, de Belgique, de Suisse et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 100 (hors série): 1-98.
Roubik, D. W. (1989) Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
Sagarin, R. D. & Gaines, S. D. (2002) The 'abundant centre' distribution: to what extent is it a biogeographical rule? Ecology letters 5: 137-147.
Schwammberger, K.-H. (1971) Zwei neue Bienen-Arten aus dem Iran (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde 225: 1-4.
Schwammberger, K.-H. (1975) Die bisher bekanntge-wordenen Arten der Bienengattung Rhophitoides Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 56: 57-63.
Sipes, S. D. & Wolf, P. G. (2001) Phylogenetic Relationship within Diadasia, a group of Specialist Bees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19: 144-156.
Sole, C. L., Scholtz, C. H. & Bastos, A. D. S. (2005) Phylogeography of the Namib Desert dung beetles Scarabeus (Pachysoma) MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Biogeography 32: 75-84.
Tews, J., Brose, U., Grimm, V., K., T., Wichmann, M. C., Schwager, M. & Jeltsch, F. (2004) Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography 31: 79-92.
Van Der Zanden, G. (1987) Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Lithurgus Latreille, 1825 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Mitteilungen Zoologische Museum Berlin 62: 53-59.
Warncke, K. (1972) Westpaläarktische Bienen der Unteifamilie Panurginae (Hym., Apidae) - Pszczoly z podrodziny Panurginae (Hym., Apidae) w zachodniej Palearktyce. Polskie pismo Entomologiczne 42: 53-108.
Warncke, K. (1973) Die westpaläarktische Arten der Bienen Familie Melittidae (Hymenoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 43: 97-126.
Warncke, K. (1979) Beitrag zur Bienenfauna des Iran 11. Die gattung Pararhophites Fr. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 30: 197-198.
Warncke, K. (1980) Fidelia, eine für die Westpaläarktis neue Bienengattung (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Mitteilungen der Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 70: 89-94.
Warncke, K. (1985) Beiträge zur bienenfauna des Iran 19.-20. Die gattungen Panurgus Pz. und Meliturgula Fr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale dl Venezia. 34: 221-235.
Warncke, K. (1987) Ergänzende untersuchungen an bienen der gattungen Panurgus und Melitturgu/Andrenidae, Apidae, vor allem aus dem turkischen raum. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 34: 75-107.
White, F. (1986) Vegetation of Africa - a descriptive memoire to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Natural Resources Research Report (20). Unesco, Paris.
Whitehead, V. B. & Eardley, C. D. (2003) African Fideliini: Genus Fidelia Friese (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Fideliinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76: 250-276.
Zohary, M. (1973) Geobotanical foundation of the Middle East, Vol. 1-2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.