Bimodal system (luminophore and paramagnetic contrastophore) derived from Ln(III) complexes based on a bipyridine-containing macrocyclic ligand

The synthesis of a new 15-membered polyaza-macrocyclic ligand (LH3)-H-3, which is based on a 2,2'-bipyridine moiety and a diethylenetriaminetriacetic acid core, is reported. The lanthanide chelates of this octadentate ligand were programmed for bimodal probes, luminescent agents (Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy), and magnetic resonance imaging agents (Gd3+). The neutral 1:1 complexes with these Ln(3+) ions were prepared and studied in aqueous solution by luminescence and NMR techniques. The main photophysical characteristics of these complexes (i.e., the absorption and luminescence spectra, the metal-centered lifetimes, and the overall luminescence yields, Phi) were measured. In addition, the role played by nonradiative pathways (vibrational energy transfer involving coordinated water molecules, involvement of ligand-to-metal charge-transfer excited states, or metal -> ligand back transfer) is discussed. The (LEu)-Eu-3. and (LTb)-Tb-3. complexes show very bright luminescence when photoexcited from the lowest-energy absorption band of the bipyridine chromophore. The luminescence quantum yields in an air-equilibrated water solution at room temperature are 0.10 and 0.21, respectively, despite the presence of one water molecule in the fir,4 coordination sphere of the metal ion. NMR data show that (LGd)-Gd-3. contains also one H2O molecule in the innet sphere. The proton longitudinal relaxivity, r(1), of this complex is 3.4 s(-1) mM(-1) (0.47 T, 310 K) and the rotational correlation time, tau R, is 57 ps (310 K). These values are comparable to those of the clinically used Gd-DTPA. Interestingly, the water exchange rate between the coordination site and the bulk solvent is slow (tau(M) = 3.5 mu s at 310 K). The presence of water molecules in the second sphere and in rapid exchange with the solvent is discussed. Finally, it was found by luminescence and NMR experiments that these lanthanide complexes are stable versus transmetalation by several cations (especially Ca2+ and Zn2+) at physiological pH and have no interaction with blood proteins.