[en] Expression of the tilapia growth hormone (tiGH) gene is pituitary-specific and controlled by intracellular cAMP levels. DNaseI protection experiments allowed us to identify four Pit-1 binding sites in the tiGH -465/+19 region. Deletion and mutagenesis analysis revealed that the -131/+19 region, containing two Pit-1 sites, or four copies of the most proximal site tiGHF1 fused to the heterologous Tk promoter, confer high level expression in rat pituitary cells and direct transcription in non-pituitary cells only after expression of rat Pit-1. We show that a tilapia pituitary factor specifically binds to site tiGHF1 and obtained a partial cDNA sequence coding for tilapia Pit-1. The cAMP stimulation is mediated by the proximal (-131/-31) promoter region. It is Pit-1-dependent and requires the tiGHF1 site. In addition, four copies of this site confer cAMP inducibility to the Tk promoter in GC cells.
Andersen B., Rosenfeld M.G. Pit-1 determines cell types during development of the anterior pituitary gland. A model for transcriptional regulation of cell phenotypes in mammalian organogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;29335-29338.
Argenton F., Vianello S., Bernardini S., Jacquemin P., Martial J., Belayew A., Colombo L., Bortolussi M. The transcriptional regulation of the growth hormone gene is conserved in vertebrate evolution. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192:1993;1360-1366.
Argenton F., Bernardini S., Puttini S., Colombo L., Bortolussi M. A TGACG motif mediates growth-hormone-factor-1//pituitary-transcriptional activator-1-dependent cAMP regulation of the rainbow trout growth-hormone promoter. Eur. J. Biochem. 238:1996;591-598.
Bodner M., Castrillo J.L., Theill L.E., Derinck T., Ellisman M., Karin M. The pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1 is a homeobox-containing protein. Cell. 55:1988;505-518.
Bodner M., Karin M. Pituitary-specific trans-acting factor can stimulate transcription from the growth hormone promoter in extracts of non-expressing cells. Cell. 50:1987;67-275.
Boshart M., Kluppel M., Schmidt A., Schutz G., Luckow B. Reporter constructs with low background activity utilizing the cat gene. Gene. 110:1992;129-130.
Bradford M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:1976;248-254.
Chen R.P., Ingraham H.A., Treacy M.N., Albert V.R., Wilson L., Rosenfeld M.G. Autoregulation of pit-1 gene expression mediated by two cis-active promoter elements. Nature. 346:1990;583-586.
Copp R.P., Samuels H.H. Identification of an adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive region in the rat growth hormone gene: evidence for independent and synergistic effects of cAMP and thyroid hormone on gene expression. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1989;790-796.
Dana S., Karin M. Induction of human growth hormone promoter activity by the adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathway involves a novel responsive element. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1989;815-821.
Dignam J.D., Lebovitz R.M., Roeder R.G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1983;1475-1489.
Elsholtz H.P., Majumdar-Sonnylal S., Xiong F., Gong Z., Hew C.L. Phylogenetic specificity of prolactin gene expression with conservation of Pit-1 function. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1992;515-522.
Fijan N., Sulimanovic D., Bearzotti M., Muzinic D., Zwillenberg L.O., Chilmonczyk S., Vautherot J.F., Kinkelin P. Some properties of the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line from carp Cyprinus carpio. Annu. Virol. Inst. Pasteur. 134:1983;207-220.
Fink J.S., Verhave M., Kasper S., Tsukada T., Mandel G., Goodman R.H. The CGTCA sequence motif is essential for biological activity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene cAMP-regulated enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;6662-6666.
Fischberg D.J., Chen X.H., Bancroft C. A Pit-1 phosphorylation mutant can mediate both basal and induced prolactin and growth hormone promoter activity. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:1994;1566-1573.
He X., Treacy M.N., Simmons D.M., Ingraham H.A., Swanson L.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Expression of a large family of POU-domain regulatory genes in mammalian brain development. Nature. 340:1989;35-41.
Imagawa M., Chiu R., Karin M. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell. 51:1987;251-260.
Ingraham H.A., Chen R.P., Mangalam H.J., Elsholtz H.P., Flynn S.E., Lin C.R., Simmons D.M., Swanson L., Rosenfeld M.G. A tissue-specific transcription factor containing a homeodomain specifies a pituitary phenotype. Cell. 55:1988;519-529.
Inoue K., Akita N., Yamashita S., Shiba T., Fujita T. Constitutive and inducible expression of a transgene directed by heterologous promoters in a trout liver cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:1990;1311-1316.
Iverson R.A., Day K.H., d'Emden M., Day R.N., Maurer R.A. Clustered point mutation analysis of the rat prolactin promoter. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1990;1564-1571.
Kapiloff M.S., Farkash Y., Wegner M., Rosenfeld M.G. Variable effects of phosphorylation of Pit-1 dictated by the DNA response elements. Science. 253:1991;786-789.
Kim M.K., McClaskey J.H., Bodenner D.L., Weintraub B.D. An AP-1-like factor and the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1 are both necessary to mediate hormonal induction of human thyrotropin beta gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;23366-23375.
Lefevre C., Imagawa M., Dana S., Grindlay J., Bodner M., Karin M. Tissue-specific expression of the human growth hormone gene is conferred in part by the binding of a specific trans-acting factor. EMBO J. 6:1987;971-981.
Li S., Crenshaw E.B., Rawson E.J., Simmons D.M., Swanson L.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Dwarf locus mutants lacking three pituitary cell types result from mutations in the POU-domain gene Pit-1. Nature. 347:1990;528-533.
Liang J., Kim K.E., Schoderbek W.E., Maurer R.A. Characterization of a non-tissue-specific, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element in the proximal region of the rat prolactin gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1992;885-892.
Lin C., Lin S.C., Chang C.P., Rosenfeld M.G. Pit-1-dependent expression of the receptor for growth hormone releasing factor mediates pituitary cell growth. Nature. 360:1992;765-768.
Lin S.C., Li S., Drolet D.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Pituitary ontogeny of the Snell dwarf mouse reveals Pit-1-independent and Pit-1-dependent origins of the thyrotrope. Development. 120:1994;515-522.
Luo D.S., McKeown B.A., Rivier J., Vale W. In vitro responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) somatotrophs to carp growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 80:1990;288-298.
MacGregor G.R., Caskey C.T. Construction of plasmids that express E. coli β-galactosidase in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1989;2365.
Mangalam H.J., Albert V.R., Ingraham H.A., Kapiloff M., Wilson L., Nelson C., Elsholtz H., Rosenfeld M.G. A pituitary POU domain protein, Pit-1, activates both growth hormone and prolactin promoters transcriptionally. Genes Dev. 3:1989;946-958.
McCormick A., Brady H., Theill L.E., Karin M. Regulation of the pituitary-specific homeobox gene GHF1 by cell-autonomous and environmental cues. Nature. 345:1990;829-832.
Meyer T.E., Habener J.F. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and related transcription-activating deoxyribonucleic acid-binding proteins. Endocrin. Rev. 14:1993;269-290.
Mitchell P.J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 50:1987;847-861.
Montero M., Yon L., Rousseau K., Arimura A., Fournier A., Dufour S., Vaudry H. Distribution, characterization, and growth hormone-releasing activity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Endocrinology. 139:1998;4300-4310.
Montminy M.R., Gonzalez G.A., Yamamoto K.K. Characteristics of the cAMP response unit. Metabolism. 39:1990;6-12.
Nelson C., Albert V.R., Elsholtz H.P., Lu L.I., Rosenfeld M.G. Activation of cell-specific expression of rat growth hormone and prolactin genes by a common transcription factor. Science. 239:1988;1400-1405.
Nordeen S.K. Luciferase reporter gene vectors for analysis of promoters and enhancers. Biotechniques. 6:1988;454-458.
Ono M., Mochizuki E., Mori Y., Aizawa A., Harigai T. The regulatory region and transcription factor required for the expression of rat and salmon pituitary hormone-encoding genes show cell-type and species specificity. Gene. 153:1995;267-271.
Peers B., Monget P., Nalda M.A., Voz M.L., Berwaer M., Belayew A., Martial J.A. Transcriptional induction of the human prolactin gene by cAMP requires two cis-acting elements and at least the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;18127-18134.
Poncelet A.C., Levavi-Sivan B., Muller M., Yaron Z., Martial J.A., Belayew A. The tilapia prolactin I gene: evolutionary conservation of the regulatory elements directing pituitary-specific expression. DNA Cell Biol. 15:1996;679-692.
Poncelet A.C., Yaron Z., Levavi-Sivan B., Martial J.A., Muller M. Regulation of prolactin gene expression in fishes. Nagabhushanan R., Thompson M.F., Fingerman M. Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology. 1996;383-405 Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Dehli.
Rehfuss R.P., Walton K.M., Loriaux M.M., Goodman R.H. The cAMP-regulated enhancer-binding protein ATF-1 activates transcription in response to cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;18431-18434.
Roesler W.J., Vandenbark G.R., Hanson R.W. Cyclic AMP and the induction of eukaryotic gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;9063-9066.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T., 1989. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A.R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;5463-5467.
Shepard A.R., Zhang W., Eberhardt N.L. Two CGTCA motifs and a GHF1/Pit1 binding site mediate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A regulation of human growth hormone gene expression in rat anterior pituitary GC cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;1804-1814.
Tansey W.P., Schaufele F., Heslewood M., Handford C., Reudelhuber T.L., Catanzaro D.F. Distance-dependent interactions between basal, cyclic AMP, and thyroid hormone response elements in the rat growth hormone promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;14906-14911.
Tashjian A.H., Yasumura Y., Levine L., Sato G.H., Parker M.L. Establishment of clonal strains of rat pituitary tumor cells that secrete growth hormone. Endocrinology. 82:1968;342-352.
Theill L.E., Karin M. Transcriptional control of GH expression and anterior pituitary development. Endocrin. Rev. 14:1993;670-689.
Wong A.O., van der Kraak G., Chang J.P. Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate mediates dopamine D1-stimulated growth hormone release from goldfish pituitary cells. Neuroendocrinology. 60:1994;410-417.
Wong A.O., Ledrean Y., Liu D., Hu Z.Z., Hew C.L. Induction of chinook salmon growth hormone promoter activity by the adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway involves two cAMP-response elements with the CGTCA motif and the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit1. Endocrinology. 137:1996;1775-1784.
Wong A.O., Leung M.Y., Shea W.L., Tse L.Y., Chang J.P., Chow B.K. Hypophysiotropic action of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the goldfish: immunohistochemical demonstration of PACAP in the pituitary, PACAP stimulation of growth hormone release from pituitary cells, and molecular cloning of pituitary type I PACAP receptor. Endocrinology. 139:1998;3465-3479.
Yamada S., Hata J., Yamashita S. Molecular cloning of fish Pit-1 cDNA and its functional binding to promoter of gene expressed in the pituitary. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;24361-24366.
Yang X.J., Ogryzko V.V., Nishikawa J., Howard B.H., Nakatani Y. A p300//CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Nature. 382:1996;319-324.
