[en] In the context of climate change and increasing
urbanization, floods are considerably affecting urban areas.
The concept of urban resilience may be an interesting means
of responding to urban flood issues. The objective of this
research is to propose a spatial decision support tool based
on geovisualization techniques and a resilience assessment
method. The goal is to localize the level of resilience mod elled in different territories. The methodology proposed con sists of integrating three resilience indicators applied to a
case study in Avignon (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region,
France) and the use of geovisualization techniques: using
GIS for data processing and analysis, visualization, mapping,
and model processing. The methodology integrates decision making by identifying characteristics capable of improving
urban resilience and facilitating its understanding using a
visual tool. The results demonstrate the usefulness of mod elling resilience using geovisualization techniques to identify
the potential for local resilience; integrate local stakehold ers into a process of clarifying the concept through the con tribution of visualization; and consider easier access to this
concept based on data analysis, processing and visualization
through the design of maps
Resilient Cities: The City Resilience Framework, available at: https://www.100resilientcities.org/resources/(last access: 1 February 2020), 2015.
Aerts, J. C. J. H., Lin, N., Botzen, W., Emanuel, K., and de Moel, H.: Low-Probability Flood Risk Modeling for New York City: Low-Probability Flood Risk Modeling for New York City, Risk Anal., 33, 772-788, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12008, 2013.
Apel, H., Aronica, G. T., Kreibich, H., and Thieken, A. H.: Flood risk analyses-how detailed do we need to be?, Nat. Hazards, 49, 79-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9277-8, 2009.
Bakkensen, L. A., Fox-Lent, C., Read, L. K., and Linkov, I.: Validating Resilienceand Vulnerability Indices in the Context of Natural Disasters: Validating Resilience and Vulnerability Indices, Risk Anal., 37, 982-1004, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12677, 2017.
Barroca, B. and Serre, D.: Risks revealed by cartography-cartography renewed by the geovisualization of risks, Int. J. Cartogr., 4, 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2018.1444376, 2018.
Bathrellos, G. D., Gaki-Papanastassiou, K., Skilodimou, H. D., Papanastassiou, D., and Chousianitis, K. G.: Potential suitability for urban planning and industry development using natural hazard maps and geological-geomorphological parameters, Environ. Earth Sci., 66, 537-548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1263-x, 2012.
Balsells, M., Barroca, B., Becue, V., and Serre, D.: Making urban flood resilience more operational: current practice, P. I. Civil. Eng.-Wat. M., 168, 57-65, https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.14.00051, 2015.
Bambara, G., Peyras, L., Felix, H., and Serre, D.: Developing a functional model for cities impacted by a natural hazard: application to a city affected by flooding, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 603-615, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-603-2015, 2015.
Burby, R.: Flood insurance and floodplain management: the US experience, Global Environ. Chang., 3, 111-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(02)00003-7, 2001.
Callon, M., Lascoumes, P., and Barthe, Y.: Agir dans un monde incertain: essai sur la démocratie technique, La couleur des idées, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 2001.
Casadio Tarabusi, E. and Guarini, G.: An Unbalance Adjustment Method for Development Indicators, Soc. Indic. Res., 112, 19-45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0070-4, 2013.
Chinh, D. T., Bubeck, P., Dung, N. V., and Kreibich, H.: The 2011 flood event in the Mekong Delta: preparedness, response, dam-Age and recovery of private households and small businesses, Disasters, 40, 753-778, https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12171, 2016.
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., and Emrich, C. T.: Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking BAseline Conditions, J. Homel. Se-cur. Emerg., 7, https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1732, 2010.
Cutter, S. L.: The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA, Nat. Hazards, 80, 741-758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1993-2, 2016.
Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., and Emrich, C. T.: The geographies of community disaster resilience, Global Environ. Chang., 29, 65-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005, 2014.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., and Webb, J.: A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Global Environ. Chang., 18, 598-606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013, 2008.
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., and Emrich, C. T.: Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions, J. Homel. Se-cur. Emerg., 7, https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1732, 2010.
Cutter, S. L. and Finch, C.: Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 2301-2306, 2008.
de Moel, H., Jongman, B., Kreibich, H., Merz, B., Penning-Rowsell, E., and Ward, P. J.: Flood risk assessments at different spatial scales, Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Gl., 20, 865-890, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9654-z, 2015.
Donolo, R. M.: Contributions to geovisualization for territorial intelligence, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon/Universita degli studi di Roma tor Vergata, 2014.
Elmer, F., Hoymann, J., Düthmann, D., Vorogushyn, S., and Kreibich, H.: Drivers of flood risk change in residential areas, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1641-1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1641-2012, 2012.
Ernst, J., Dewals, B. J., Detrembleur, S., Archambeau, P., Erpicum, S., and Pirotton, M.: Micro-scale flood risk analysis based on detailed 2D hydraulic modelling and high resolution geographic data, Nat. Hazards, 55, 181-209, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9520-y, 2010.
Esty, D. C., Levy, M., Srebotnjak, T., and de Sherbinin, A.: Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, New Haven, 2005.
European Environment Agency: Economic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2019.
Fekete, A.: Validation of a social vulnerability index in context to river-floods in Germany, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 393-403, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-393-2009, 2009.
Fox-Lent, C., Bates, M. E., and Linkov, I.: A matrix approach to community resilience assessment: an illustrative case at Rockaway Peninsula, Environ. Syst. Decis., 35, 209-218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-015-9555-4, 2015.
Frazier, T. G., Thompson, C. M., Dezzani, R. J., and But-sick, D.: Spatial and temporal quantification of resilience at the community scale, Appl. Geogr., 42, 95-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.004, 2013.
Gardner, G.: The City: A System of Systems, in: State of the World, Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, 27-44, https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-756-8-3, 2016.
Garschagen, M.: Risky Change? Vietnam's Urban Flood Risk Governance between Climate Dynamics and Transformation, Pac. Aff., 88, 599-621, https://doi.org/10.5509/2015883599, 2015.
Garschagen, M. and Romero-Lankao, P.: Exploring the relationships between urbanization trends and climate change vulnerability, Clim. Change, 133, 37-52, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0812-6, 2015.
Gaslikova, L., Schwerzmann, A., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F.: Future storm surge impacts on insurable losses for the North Sea region, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1205-1216, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1205-2011, 2011.
Gerl, T., Bochow, M., and Kreibich, H.: Flood Damage Modeling on the Basis of Urban Structure Mapping Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data, Water, 6, 2367-2393, https://doi.org/10.3390/w6082367, 2014.
Golz, S., Schinke, R., and Naumann, T. Assessing the effects of flood resilience technologies on building scale, Urban Water J., 12, 30-43, https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.939090, 2015.
Heinzlef, C.: Modélisation d'indicateurs de résilience urbaine face au risque d'inondation, Co-construction d'un système spatial d'aide à la décision pour contribuer à l'opérationnalisation du concept de résilience, Avignon Université, 2019.
Heinzlef, C., Becue, V., and Serre, D.: Operationalizing urban resilience to floods in embanked territories-Application in Avignon, Provence Alpes Côte d'azur region, Saf. Sci., 118, 181-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.003, 2019.
H. John Heinz III Center for Science Economics, and the Environment: Human Links to Coastal Disasters, Washington, D.C, H. John Heinz Center, 2002.
Holand, I. S., Lujala, P., and Rød, J. K.: Social vulnerability assessment for Norway: A quantitative approach, Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr.-Nor. J. Geogr. 65, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2010.550167, 2011.
INSEE: available at: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques, last access: 10 December 2019.
Jacobs, K., Garfin, G., and Lenart, M.: More than Just Talk: Connecting Science and Decisionmaking, Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev., 47, 6-21, https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.47.9.6-21, 2005.
Johansson, J., Opach, T., Glaas, E., Neset, T., Navarra, C., Linner, B.-O., and Rod, J. K.: VisAdapt: A visualization tool to support climate change adaptation, IEEE Comput. Graph., 2016, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2016.49, 2016.
Jovanovic, A., Øien, K., and Choudhary, A.: An Indicator-Based Approach to Assessing Resilience of Smart Critical Infrastructures, in: Urban Disaster Resilience and Security, Springer, 285-311, 2018.
Klein, R. J. T., Nicholls, R. J., and Thomalla, F.: Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?, Environ. Hazards, 5, 35-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001, 2003.
Leskens, J. G., Brugnach, M., Hoekstra, A. Y., and Schuurmans, W.: Why are decisions in flood disaster management so poorly supported by information from flood models?, Environ. Model. Softw., 53, 53-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.11.003, 2014.
Lhomme, S.: Les réseaux techniques comme vecteur de propagation des risques en milieu urbain. Une contribution théorique et pratique à l'analyse de la résilience urbaine, Université Paris Diderot, Thèse de doctorat, 2012.
Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y., and Laganier, R.: Analyzing resilience of urban networks: a preliminary step towards more flood resilient cities, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 221-230, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-221-2013, 2013.
Linkov, I., Bridges, T., Creutzig, F., Decker, J., Fox-Lent, C., Kröger, W., Lambert, J. H., Levermann, A., Mon-treuil, B., Nathwani, J., Nyer, R., Renn, O., Scharte, B., Scheffler, A., Schreurs, M., and Thiel-Clemen, T.: Changing the resilience paradigm, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 407-409, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2227, 2014.
Löwe, R., Urich, C., Kulahci, M., Radhakrishnan, M., Deletic, A., and Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K.: Simulating flood risk under non-stationary climate and urban development conditions-Experimental setup for multiple hazards and a variety of scenarios. Environ. Model. Softw., 102, 155-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.01.008, 2018.
MacEachren, A. M., Gahegan, M., Pike, W., Brewer, I., Cai, G., Lengerich, E., and Hardisty, F.: Geovisualization for Knowledge Construction and Decision Support, IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl., 24, 13-17, 2004.
MacEachren, A. M. and Kraak, M.-J.: Research Challenges in Geovisualization, Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 28, 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304001782173970, 2001.
Maceachren, A. M. and Kraak, M.-J.: Exploratory cartographic visualization: Advancing the agenda, Comput. Geosci., 23, 335-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00018-6, 1997.
Meyer, V., Scheuer, S., and Haase, D.: A multicriteria approach for flood risk mapping exemplified at the Mulde river, Germany, Nat. Hazards, 48, 17-39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9244-4, 2009.
Mileti, D.: Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C., https://doi.org/10.17226/5782, 1999.
Morrow, B. H.: Community resilience: A social justice perspective, Community & Regional Resilience Initiative, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1278.9604, 2008.
Moser, S. C.: Impact assessments and policy responses to sea-level rise in three US states: An exploration of human-dimension uncertainties, Global Environ. Chang., 15, 353-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.002, 2005.
Næss, L. O., Norland, I. T., Lafferty, W. M., and Aall, C.: Data and processes linking vulnerability assessment to adaptation decision-making on climate change in Norway, Global Environ. Chang., 16, 221-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.01.007, 2006.
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F. and Pfefferbaum, R. L.: Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness, Am. J. Commun. Psychol., 41, 127-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6, 2008.
Opach, T. and Rød, J. K.: Cartographic Visualization of Vulnerability to Natural Hazards. Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisu-Alization, 48, 113-125, https://doi.org/10.3138/carto.48.2.1840, 2013.
Patil, V. H., Singh, S. N., Mishra, S., and Todd Donavan, D.: Efficient theory development and factor retention criteria: Abandon the "eigenvalue greater than one" criterion, J. Bus. Res., 61, 162-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.05.008, 2008.
Patt, A. and Dessai, S.: Communicating uncertainty: lessons learned and suggestions for climate change assessment, Comptes Rendus Geosci., 337, 425-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.10.004, 2005.
Prior, T. and Hagmann, J.: Measuring resilience: methodological and political challenges of a trend security concept, J. Risk Res., 17, 281-298, https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.808686, 2014.
Provitolo, D.: Resiliencery vulnerability notion-looking in another direction in order to study risks and disasters, in: Resilience and Urban Risk Management, CRC Press, p. 192, 2012.
Radhakrishnan, M., Pathirana, A., Ashley, R., and Zevenbergen, C.: Structuring Climate Adaptation through Multiple Perspectives: Framework and Case Study on Flood Risk Management, Water, 9, 129, https://doi.org/10.3390/w9020129, 2017.
Schinke, R., Kaidel, A., Golz, S., Naumann, T., López-Gutiérrez, J., and Garvin, S.: Analysing the Effects of Flood-Resilience Technologies in Urban Areas Using a Synthetic Model Approach, IS-PRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5, 202, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5110202, 2016.
Schinke, R., Neubert, M., Hennersdorf, J., Stodolny, U., Sommer, T., and Naumann, T.: Damage estimation of subterranean building constructions due to groundwater inundation-the GIS-based model approach GRUWAD, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2865-2877, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2865-2012, 2012.
Schumann, G., Di Baldassarre, G., and Bates, P. D.: The Utility of Spaceborne Radar to Render Flood Inundation Maps Based on Multialgorithm Ensembles, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 47, 2801-2807, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2017937, 2009.
Serre, D.: Advanced methodology for risk and vulnerability assessment of interdependency of critical infrastructure in respect to urban floods, E3S Web Conf., 7, 7002, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160707002, 2016.
Serre, D.: DS3 Model Testing: Assessing Critical Infrastructure Network Flood Resilience at the Neighbourhood Scale, in: Urban Disaster Resilience and Security, edited by: Fekete, A. and Fiedrich, F., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 207-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68606-6-13, 2018.
Serre, D., Barroca, B., Balsells, M., and Becue, V.: Contributing to urban resilience to floods with neighbourhood design: the case of Am Sandtorkai/Dalmannkai in Hamburg, J. Flood Risk Manag., 11, S69-S83, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12253, 2016.
Serre, D. and Heinzlef, C.: Assessing and mapping urban resilience to floods with respect to cascading effects through critical infrastructure networks, Int. J. Disast. Risk Res., 30, 235-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.018, 2018.
sirene.fr: available at: http://sirene.fr/sirene/public/accueil, last access: 10 December 2019.
Singh-Peterson, L., Salmon, P., Goode, N., and Gallina, J.: Translation and evaluation of the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland Australia, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 10, 116-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.004, 2014.
Suárez, M., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Benayas, J., and Tilbury, D.: Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities, Sustainability, 8, 774, https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080774, 2016.
Sylves, R.: Budgeting for Local Emergency Management and Homeland Security, in: Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government, edited by: Wzugh, W. L. andTierney, K., Washington, D.C., International City Managers Association, 183-206, 2007.
Tierney, K.: Disaster response: research findings and their implications for resilience measures, Carri Research Report No. 6, 2009.
Tierney, K. J.: The social roots of risk: producing disasters, promoting resilience, High reliability and crisis management, Stanford Business Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 2014.
Tierney, K. J., Lindell, M. K., and Perry, R. W.: Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C, 2001.
UNISDR-United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction: Terminology on disaster risk reduction, 30 pp., Geneva, available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/7817-UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf (last access: 1 February 2020), 2009.
Vorogushyn, S., Lindenschmidt, K.-E., Kreibich, H., Apel, H., and Merz, B.: Analysis of a detention basin impact on dike failure probabilities and flood risk for a channel-dike-floodplain system along the river Elbe, Germany, J. Hydrol., 436-437, 120-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.006, 2012.
Wallemacq, P. and House, R.: Economic losses, poverty and disasters: 1998-2017, Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED), UNISDR, 2018.
Ward, P. J., de Moel, H., and Aerts, J. C. J. H.: How are flood risk estimates affected by the choice of return-periods?, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 3181-3195, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3181-2011, 2011.
Yasobant, S., Vora, K. S., Hughes, C., Upadhyay, A., and Mavalankar, D. V.: Geovisualization: A Newer GIS Technology for Implementation Research in Health, J. Geogr. Inf. Syst., 7, 20-28, https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2015.71002, 2015.
