American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed., 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing.
Aupperle, R.L., Melrose, A.J., Stein, M.B., Paulus, M.P., Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology 62:2 (2012), 686–694, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008.
Bardeen, J.R., Orcutt, H.K., Attentional control as a moderator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and attentional threat bias. J. Anxiety Disord. 25:8 (2011), 1008–1018, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.009.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Glickman, S., Attentional bias in anxiety: a behavioral and ERP study. Brain Cogn. 59:1 (2005), 11–22, 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.03.005.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychol. Bull. 133:1 (2007), 1–24, 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.
Bishop, S.J., State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. J. Neurosci. 24:46 (2004), 10364–10368, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2550-04.2004.
Bishop, Sonia J., Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: an integrative account. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11:7 (2007), 307–316, 10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.008.
Bryant, R.A., McGrath, C., Felmingham, K.L., The roles of noradrenergic and glucocorticoid activation in the development of intrusive memories. PLoS One, 8(4), 2013, e62675, 10.1371/journal.pone.0062675.
Bullock, A., Bonanno, G., Attentional Bias and complicated grief: a primed dot-probe task with emotional faces. J. Exp. Psychopathol. 4:2 (2013), 194–207, 10.5127/jep.020411.
Carr, A.R., Scully, A., Webb, M., Felmingham, K.L., Gender differences in salivary alpha-amylase and attentional bias towards negative facial expressions following acute stress induction. Cognit. Emot. 30:2 (2016), 315–324.
Chan, M., Ho, S., Law, L., Pau, B., A visual dot-probe task as a measurement of attentional bias and its relationship with the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among women with breast cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. Treat., 2013, 1–7, 10.5171/2013.813339.
Choi, I., Wang, L., Bharadwaj, H., Shinn-Cunningham, B., Individual differences in attentional modulation of cortical responses correlate with selective attention performance. Hear. Res. 314 (2014), 10–19, 10.1016/j.heares.2014.04.008.
Cisler, J.M., Koster, E.H.W., Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30:2 (2010), 203–216, 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003.
Compumedics Neuroscan, Offline Analysis of Acquired Data (SCAN 4.3FVol. II, EDIT 4.3). [Software Manual]. 2003, Author, El Paso, TX.
Corbetta, M., Shulman, G.L., Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:3 (2002), 201–215, 10.1038/nrn755.
Crawford, E.F., Lang, A.J., Laffaye, C., An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the traumatic events questionnaire in primary care patients. J. Trauma. Stress. 21:1 (2008), 109–112.
Deuter, C.E., Kuehl, L.K., Blumenthal, T.D., Schulz, A., Oitzl, M.S., Schachinger, H., Effects of cold pressor stress on the human startle response. PLoS One, 7(11), 2012, e49866, 10.1371/journal.pone.0049866.
Ernst, L.H., Ehlis, A.-C., Dresler, T., Tupak, S.V., Weidner, A., Fallgatter, A.J., N1 and N2 ERPs reflect the regulation of automatic approach tendencies to positive stimuli. Neurosci. Res. 75:3 (2013), 239–249, 10.1016/j.neures.2012.12.005.
Evans, T.C., Britton, J.C., Improving the psychometric properties of dot-probe attention measures using response-based computation. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 60 (2018), 95–103, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.009.
Evans, T.C., Walukevich, K.A., Britton, J.C., Vigilance-avoidance and disengagement are differentially associated with fear and avoidant behaviors in social anxiety. J. Affect. Disord. 199 (2016), 124–131.
Evans, T.C., Bar-Haim, Y., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S., Britton, J.C., Neural mechanisms underlying heterogeneous expression of threat-related attention in social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther., 2020, 13.
Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personal. Individ. Differ. 50:7 (2011), 955–960, 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019.
Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., Calvo, M.G., Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion 7:2 (2007), 336–353, 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336.
Gindt, M., Nachon, O., Chanquoy, L., Faure, S., Garcia, R., Attentional bias in post-traumatic stress symptoms or anxiety. Eur. J. Trauma Dissociation 1:3 (2017), 159–164.
Henry, J.D., Crawford, J.R., The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 44:2 (2005), 227–239.
Jacobs, R.H.A.H., Renken, R., Aleman, A., Cornelissen, F.W., The amygdala, top-down effects, and selective attention to features. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36:9 (2012), 2069–2084, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.011.
Jasper, H.H., Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Ascending Activities of the Reticular System. 1958.
Johnson, J.D., Allana, T.N., Medlin, M.D., Harris, E.W., Karl, A., Meta-analytic review of P3 components in posttraumatic stress disorder and their clinical utility. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 44:2 (2013), 112–134.
Judah, M.R., Grant, D.M., Mills, A.C., Lechner, W.V., The neural correlates of impaired attentional control in social anxiety: an ERP study of inhibition and shifting. Emotion 13:6 (2013), 1096–1106, 10.1037/a0033531.
Kappenman, E.S., MacNamara, A., Proudfit, G.H., Electrocortical evidence for rapid allocation of attention to threat in the dot-probe task. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10:4 (2015), 577–583, 10.1093/scan/nsu098.
Kausch, O., Rugle, L., Rowland, D.Y., Lifetime histories of trauma among pathological gamblers. Am. J. Addict. 15:1 (2006), 35–43, 10.1080/10550490500419045.
Kessler, R.C., Rose, S., Koenen, K.C., Karam, E.G., Stang, P.E., Stein, D.J., Heeringa, S.G., Hill, E.D., Liberzon, I., McLaughlin, K.A., McLean, S.A., Pennell, B.E., Petukhova, M., Rosellini, A.J., Ruscio, A.M., Shahly, V., Shalev, A.Y., Silove, D., Zaslavsky, A.M., Carmen Viana, M., How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry 13:3 (2014), 265–274, 10.1002/wps.20150.
Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E.J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R.V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J.M., Huang, Y., Karam, E.G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J.-P., Levinson, D., Koenen, K.C., Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol., 8(sup5), 2017, 1353383, 10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383.
Kosonogov, V., Martinez-Selva, J.M., Carrillo-Verdejo, E., Torrente, G., Carretié, L., Sanchez-Navarro, J.P., Effects of social and affective content on exogenous attention as revealed by event-related potentials. Cognit. Emot. 33:4 (2018), 683–695, 10.1080/02699931.2018.1486287.
Koster, E.H.W., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., Time-course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 43:8 (2005), 1087–1098, 10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.004.
Lovibond, P.F., Lovibond, S.H., The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 33:3 (1995), 335–343.
Lowe, S.R., Sampson, L., Gruebner, O., Galea, S., Psychological resilience after Hurricane Sandy: the influence of individual-and community-level factors on mental health after a large-scale natural disaster. PLoS One, 10(5), 2015, e0125761.
Luck, S.J., An introduction to the event-related potential technique. A Bradford Book, second edition, 2014.
McHugh, R.K., Behar, E., Gutner, C.A., Geem, D., Otto, M.W., Cortisol, stress, and attentional bias toward threat. Anxiety Stress Coping 23:5 (2010), 529–545, 10.1080/10615801003596969.
Mitchell, L.A., MacDonald, R.A., Brodie, EE., Temperature and the cold pressor test. J. Pain 5:4 (2004), 233–237, 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.03.004.
Mogg, K., Holmes, A., Garner, M., Bradley, B.P., Effects of threat cues on attentional shifting, disengagement and response slowing in anxious individuals. Behav. Res. Ther. 46:5 (2008), 656–667, 10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.011.
Nicholson, E.L., Bryant, R.A., Felmingham, K.L., Interaction of noradrenaline and cortisol predicts negative intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 112 (2014), 204–211.
Qi, M., Gao, H., Guan, L., Liu, G., Yang, J., Subjective stress, salivary cortisol, and electrophysiological responses to psychological stress. Front. Psychol., 7, 2016, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00229.
Rohleder, N., Nater, U.M., Determinants of salivary α-amylase in humans and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:4 (2009), 469–485.
Rued, H.A., Hilmert, C.J., Strahm, A.M., Thomas, L.E., The influence of stress on attentional bias to threat: an angry face and a noisy crowd. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 26:3 (2019), 943–950, 10.3758/s13423-018-1538-2.
Santa Ana, E.J., Saladin, M.E., Back, S.E., Waldrop, A.E., Spratt, E.G., McRae, A.L., LaRowe, S.D., Timmerman, M.A., Upadhyaya, H., Brady, K.T., PTSD and the HPA axis: differences in response to the cold pressor task among individuals with child vs. adult trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:4 (2006), 501–509, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.11.009.
Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Cuomo, C., Roy, A., Childhood trauma and suicide attempts in patients with unipolar depression. Depress. Anxiety 24:4 (2007), 268–272, 10.1002/da.20243.
Shackman, A.J., Maxwell, J.S., McMenamin, B.W., Greischar, L.L., Davidson, R.J., Stress potentiates early and attenuates late stages of visual processing. J. Neurosci. 31:3 (2011), 1156–1161, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3384-10.2011.
Torrence, R.D., Troup, L.J., Event-related potentials of attentional bias toward faces in the dot-probe task: a systematic review. Psychophysiology, 55(6), 2017, e13051, 10.1111/psyp.13051.
van Marle, H.J.F., Hermans, E.J., Qin, S., Fernández, G., From specificity to sensitivity: how acute stress affects amygdala processing of biologically salient stimuli. Biol. Psychiatry 66:7 (2009), 649–655, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.014.
Victor, R.G., Leimbach, W.N. Jr., Seals, D.R., Wallin, B.G., Mark, A.L., Effects of the cold pressor test on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Hypertension 9:5 (1987), 429–436.
Vine, S.J., Moore, L.J., Wilson, M.R., An integrative framework of stress, attention, and visuomotor performance. Front. Psychol., 7, 2016, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01671.
Vogel, E.K., Luck, S.J., The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process. Psychophysiology 37:2 (2000), 190–203, 10.1111/1469-8986.3720190.
Vrana, S., Lauterbach, D., Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. J. Trauma. Stress. 7:2 (1994), 289–302.
Weathers, F., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, P.A., Marx, B.P., Schnurr, P.P., The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Retrieved from www.ptsd.va.gov, 2013.
Yaroslavsky, I., Allard, E.S., Sanchez-Lopez, A., Can't look away: attention control deficits predict rumination, depression symptoms and depressive affect in daily life. J. Affect. Disord. 245 (2019), 1061–1069, 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.036.
Zhang, Y., Kong, F., Han, L., Najam ul Hasan, A., Chen, H., Attention bias in earthquake-exposed survivors: an event-related potential study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 94:3 (2014), 358–364, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.004.
Zhang, Wang, M.-Y., Guo, X., Miao, X., Zhang, T., Gao, D., Yuan, Z., Attentional avoidance of threats in obsessive compulsive disorder: an event related potential study. Behav. Res. Ther. 97 (2017), 96–104, 10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.011.