AEBERHARDT, R., & POUGET, J. (2010). National Origin Differences in Wages and Hierarchical Positions. Annals of Economics and Statistics, (99/100), 117-139.
ANTRÀS, P., & CHOR, D. (2013). Organizing the Global Value Chain. Econometrica, 81(6), 2127-2204.
ANTRÀS, P., CHOR, D., FALLY, T., & HILLBERRY, R. (2012). Measuring the Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows. American Economic Review, 102(3), 412-416.
AYDEMIR, A., & SKUTERUD, M. (2008). The Immigrant Wage Differential within and across Establishments. ILR Review, 61(3), 334-352.
BAERT, S., & COCKX, B. (2013). Pure ethnic gaps in educational attainment and school to work transitions: When do they arise? Economics of Education Review, 36, 276-294.
BALDWIN, R., & OKUBO, T. (2019). GVC journeys: Industrialisation and deindustrialisation in the age of the second unbundling. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 52, 53-67.
BARRETT, A., MCGUINNESS, S., & O'BRIEN, M. (2012). The Immigrant Earnings Disadvantage across the Earnings and Skills Distributions: The Case of Immigrants from the EU's New Member States. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(3), 457-481.
BARTOLUCCI, C. (2014). Understanding the Native-Immigrant Wage Gap Using Matched Employer-Employee Data: Evidence from Germany. ILR Review, 67(4), 1166-1202.
BAYARD, K., HELLERSTEIN, J., NEUMARK, D., & TROSKE, K. (1999). Why are Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps Larger for Men than for Women? Exploring the Role of Segregation Using the New Worker-Establishment Characteristics Database. In Haltiwanger, J., Lane, J., Spletzer, J. Theeuwes, J., & Troske, K. (Eds). The Creation and Analysis of Employer-Employee Matched Data, Contributions to Economic Analysis (pp. 175-204). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
BECKER, G. S. (1957). The Theory of Discrimination: An economic view of racial discrimination (University of Chicago.). Chicago.
BECKER, G. S. (1964). Human Capital (Columbia University Press.). New York.
BORJAS, G. J. (1985). Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(4), 463-489.
BORJAS, G. J. (1999). The economic analysis of immigration. In Ashenfelter, O., & Card, D. (Eds). Handbook of labor economics, Elsevier (Vol. 3, pp. 1697-1760).
CHEN, B. (2017). Upstreamness, exports, and wage inequality: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing data. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 66-74.
CHISWICK, B. R. (1978). The effect of Americanization on the earnings of foreign-born men. Journal of political Economy, 86(5), 897-921.
CHISWICK, B. R. (1991). Speaking, Reading, and Earnings among Low-Skilled Immigrants. Journal of Labor Economics, 9(2), 149-170.
CHISWICK, B. R., & MILLER, P. W. (1995). The Endogeneity between Language and Earnings: International Analyses. Journal of Labor Economics, 13(2), 246-288.
DE BACKER, K., & MIROUDOT, S. (2013). Mapping Global Value Chains (OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 159). OECD Trade Policy Papers (Vol. 159).
DHYNE, E., MAGERMAN, G., & RUBÍNOVA, S. (2015). The Belgian production network 2002-2012. National Bank of Belgium Working Paper, No. 288, Brussels.
FAYS, V., MAHY, B., & RYCX, F. (2020, forthcoming). Native-immigrant wages gaps along GVCs: Is it worth moving upstream? IZA discussion paper, 1-30.
FAYS, V., MAHY, B., RYCX, F., & VOLRAL, M. (2019). Wage Discrimination Based on the Country of Birth: Do Tenure and Product Market Competition Matter? IZA Discussion Paper No. 12706, 1-35.
FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR and SOCIAL DIALOGUE and UNIA. (2017). Monitoring socio-économique 2017-Marché du travail et origine. Bruxelles: Federal Public Service Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue and Unia.
FEENSTRA, R. (2010). Offshoring in the Global Economy: Microeconomic Structure and Macroeoconomic Implications (MIT Press.). Cambridge, MA.
FRIEDBERG, R. M. (2000). You Can't Take It with You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital. Journal of Labor Economics, 18(2), 221-251.
GAGLIARDI, N., MAHY, B., & RYCX, F. (2019). Upstreamness, Wages and Gender: Equal Benefits for All? British Journal of Industrial Relations.
GRINZA, E., KAMPELMANN, S., & RYCX, F. (2020). L'union fait la force? Evidence for wage discrimination in firms with high diversity. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 18(2), 181-211.
HEATH, A., & CHEUNG, S. Y. (2007). Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HIMMLER, O., & JÄCKLE, R. (2018). Literacy and the Migrant-Native Wage Gap. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(3), 592-625.
HIRSCH, B., & JAHN, E. J. (2015). Is There Monopsonistic Discrimination against Immigrants? ILR Review, 68(3), 501-528.
HUMMELS, D., MUNCH, J. R., & XIANG, C. (2018). Offshoring and Labor Markets. Journal of Economic Literature, 56(3), 981-1028.
JU, J., & YU, X. (2015). Productivity, profitability, production and export structures along the value chain in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(1), 33-54.
KAMPELMANN, S., & RYCX, F. (2016). Wage discrimination against immigrants: Measurement with firm-level productivity data. IZA Journal of Migration, 5(1), 1-24.
LOPEZ GONZALEZ, J., KOWALSKI, P., & ACHARD, P. (2015). Trade, global value chains and wage-income inequality (OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 182). OECD Publishing (Vol. 182). Paris.
MAHY, B., RYCX, F., VERMEYLEN, G., & VOLRAL, M. (2018). Productivity, Wages and Profits: Does Firms' Position in the Value Chain Matter? National Bank of Belgium Working Paper, No. 358, Brussels.
MARTINIELLO, M. (2003). Belgium's Immigration Policy. International Migration Review, 37(1), 225-232.
MCDONALD, J. T., & WORSWICK, C. (1998). The Earnings of Immigrant Men in Canada: Job Tenure, Cohort, and Macroeconomic Conditions. ILR Review, 51(3), 465-482.
MUDAMBI, R. (2008). Location, control and innovation in knowledge-intensive industries. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 699-725.
OECD. (2018). International Migration Outlook 2018. International Migration Outlook. OECD.
RUNGI, A., & DEL PRETE, D. (2018). The smile curve at the firm level: Where value is added along supply chains. Economics Letters, 164, 38-42.
SHEN, L., & SILVA, P. (2018). Value-added exports and U.S. local labor markets: Does China really matter? European Economic Review, 101, 479-504.
SHEPHERD, B. (2013). Global Value Chains and Developing Country Employment: A Literature Review (OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 156). OECD Publishing. Paris.
SWEETMAN, A. (2003). Immigrant Source Country Educational Quality and Canadian Labour Market Outcomes (Research Paper No. 234). Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
SZYMCZAK, S., WOLSZCZAK-DERLACZ, J., & PARTEKA, A. (2019). Position in global value chains: The impact on wages in Central and Eastern European Countries. GUT FME Working Paper Series A, No.1/2019(53).
VERTOMMEN, S., & MARTENS, A. (2006). Ethnic Minorities Rewarded: Ethnostratification on the Wage Market in Belgium. SSRN Electronic Journal.
