[en] Climate, landscape composition, management practice, and wild bee pollination are all variables thought to play significant roles in commercial apple production. However, how these variables affect production efficiency under field-realistic conditions has not been investigated at large geographical scales. We combined intensive standardized field surveys (using netting and pan traps) with structural equation models to explore the relative impact of biotic and abiotic variables on bee diversity, apple yield and fruit quality, and their ability to represent reliable proxies of apple production. Here we show that apple yields are mainly driven by management practice, without evidence for a significantly superior contribution by managed honey bees. Total wild bee diversity, while negatively correlated with honey bee dominance, promoted apple quality by enhancing seed set number. Our study demonstrates that even across a broad geographical range there is potential to harness wild bee diversity as nature-based solution and as a substitute to an exclusive reliance on honey bees in the context of commercial apple production.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Entomology & pest control Zoology
Author, co-author :
Weekers, Timothy; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Marshall, Leon; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Leclercq, Nicolas; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Wood, Thomas J.; Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
Cejas, Diego; Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
Drepper, Bianca; Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Garratt, Michael; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Hutchinson, Louise; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Roberts, Stuart; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Bosch, Jordi; Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Roquer-Beni, Laura; Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Lhomme, Patrick ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Michez, Denis ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Molenberg, Jean-Marc; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Smagghe, Guy; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Vandamme, Peter; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Vereecken, Nicolas J.; Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Funding text :
The FNRS/FWO joint program “EOS – Excellence of Science” for the project “CliPS: Climate change and its effects on Pollination Services (project 30947854)” funded and made it possible to elaborate this study. Thanks to the apple growers who allowed access to their land and shared their knowledge. Thanks to A.Pauly, A.Dorchin and D.de Grave for providing species identification and help with the species traits. Thanks to E.Hulsmans, L.Fockaert for contacting the producers and finding the study sites. Many thanks to A.Anselmo, A.Danneels, A.Vandewal, B.Martinet, B.Valkenborg, E.Zambra, F.Denis, G.Ghisbain, H.Hainaut, H.Van Ryckel, M.Gerard, N.Dudermel, S.De Greef, V.Eklund and V.Nocent for assistance in conducting fieldwork. Should the manuscript be accepted, the data supporting the results will be archived in an appropriate public repository (Dryad, Figshare or Hal) and the data DOI will be included at the end of the article.
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