In-situ trace element and Sr isotope signature of apatite: A new key to unravelling the genesis of polymetallic mineralisation in black shales of the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Southern China

Decrée, Sophie; Pašava, Jan; Baele, Jean-Marc; Mercadier, Julien; Rösel, Delia; Frimmel, Hartwig

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105130

Article (Scientific journals)

In-situ trace element and Sr isotope signature of apatite: A new key to unravelling the genesis of polymetallic mineralisation in black shales of the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Southern China

Decrée, Sophie; Pašava, Jan; Baele, Jean-Marc et al.

2022 • In Ore Geology Reviews, 150, p. 105130

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12907/44659

DOI
10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105130

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

2022 Decrée et al_OGR.pdf

Author postprint (12.02 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi UMONS are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Hydrothermal brines; Mafic affinity; Ni-Mo-PGE sulphide ore; Phosphorite; Rare Earth Elements; Black shales; Early cambrians; Hydrothermal brine; Ni-mo-PGE sulphide ore; Southern China; Sr isotopes; Sulphide ores; Traces elements; Geology; Geochemistry and Petrology; Economic Geology

Abstract :

[en] The Early Cambrian Mo-Ni-PGE sulphidic black shale in the Niutitang Formation on the margin of the Yangtze Craton (Southern China) is known for its extremely high metal concentrations. It is also very rich in phosphate that formed contemporaneously with the sulphides. Detailed petrological as well as in-situ trace element and Sr isotope analyses of authigenic apatite revealed new information on the metallogenesis of this enigmatic rock unit. In the ore bed, apatite forms nodules or is found in phosphatic (phoslithoclasts) and sulphide clasts. In the latter, the replacement of organic matter and sulphides by apatite microspherules suggests a microbially mediated phosphogenesis. Enrichment in middle rare earth elements emphasizes the role played by Fe-oxyhydroxides and organic matter in element scavenging. Moderately reducing conditions are supported by a lack of Ce and Eu anomalies. The trace element signature of apatite and its initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7032–0.7190), which is - for a group of analyses - well below the signature of Lower Cambrian seawater, points to some contribution from mafic rock-sourced hydrothermal brines. This effectively explains the exceptional enrichment of Ni and PGE in the sulphides. Seawater remains, however, the preferred source for other elements such as P and Mo.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Decrée, Sophie; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences-Geological Survey of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium

Pašava, Jan; Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic

Baele, Jean-Marc ; Université de Mons - UMONS

Mercadier, Julien; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CREGU, GeoRessources Lab, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

Rösel, Delia; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden

Frimmel, Hartwig; Bavarian Georesources Centre, Dept. of Geodynamics and Geomaterials Research, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Germany

Language :

English

Title :

Publication date :

November 2022

Journal title :

Ore Geology Reviews

ISSN :

0169-1368

eISSN :

1872-7360

Publisher :

Elsevier B.V.

Volume :

150

Pages :

105130

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0169136822004383?httpAccept=text/xml

Research unit :

F401 - Géologie fondamentale et appliquée

Research institute :

R400 - Institut de Recherche en Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux

Funders :

Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Česká geologická služba
Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
CNRS

Funding text :

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Ulrich Schüssler and Stefan Höhn for their assistance in acquiring electron microprobe analyses at the University of Würzburg. Chantal Peiffert is warmly thanked for help in acquiring LA-ICP-MS analyses. The authors thank Thomas Goovaerts for helping to improve the English of the manuscript. The research was partly funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) - BRAIN program (DESIRED projects). The LA-ICP-MS laboratory from GeoRessources was partly funded by the French National Research Agency through the national program “Investissements d'avenir” of the Labex Ressources21 with the reference ANR-10-LABX-21-RESSOURCES21. This is also a contribution to the Strategic Research Plan of the Czech Geological Survey (DKRVO 2018-2022). The authors also warmly thank Franco Pirajno (Editor), and two anonymous reviewers, for helpful remarks on the manuscript. Their comments have contributed to improve substantially the quality of this paper.The authors would like to express their gratitude to Ulrich Schüssler and Stefan Höhn for their assistance in acquiring electron microprobe analyses at the University of Würzburg. Chantal Peiffert is warmly thanked for help in acquiring LA-ICP-MS analyses. The authors thank Thomas Goovaerts for helping to improve the English of the manuscript. The research was partly funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) - BRAIN program (DESIRED projects). The LA-ICP-MS laboratory from GeoRessources was partly funded by the French National Research Agency through the national program “Investissements d’avenir” of the Labex Ressources21 with the reference ANR-10-LABX-21-RESSOURCES21. This is also a contribution to the Strategic Research Plan of the Czech Geological Survey (DKRVO 2018-2022). The authors also warmly thank Franco Pirajno (Editor), and two anonymous reviewers, for helpful remarks on the manuscript. Their comments have contributed to improve substantially the quality of this paper.

Available on ORBi UMONS :

since 13 January 2023

Statistics

Number of views

127 (1 by UMONS)

Number of downloads

117 (1 by UMONS)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Álvaro, J.J., Shields-Zhou, G.A., Ahlberg, P., Jensen, S., Palacios, T., Fairchild, I., Ediacaran-Cambrian phosphorites from the western margins of Gondwana and Baltica. Sedimentology 63:2 (2016), 350–377.
Baele, J.M., Decrée, S., Rusk, B., Cathodoluminescence applied to ore geology and exploration. Decrée, S., Robb, L., (eds.) Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration, and Exploitation, 2019, Wiley, New York, 131–161.
Bau, M., Balan, S., Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Rare earth elements in mussel shells of the Mytilidae family as tracers for hidden and fossil high-temperature hydrothermal systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 299:3-4 (2010), 310–316.
Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Fisher, N.I., Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type. J. Geochem. Explor. 76:1 (2002), 45–69.
Blanc, P., Baumer, A., Cesbron, F., Ohnenstetter, D., Panczer, G., Rémond, G., Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences, 2000, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 127–160.
Bouzari, F., Hart, C.J.R., Bissig, T., Barker, S., Hydrothermal alteration revealed by apatite luminescence and chemistry: a potential indicator mineral for exploring covered porphyry copper deposits. Econ. Geol. 111:6 (2016), 1397–1410.
Bruand, E., Storey, C., Fowler, M., An apatite for progress: Inclusions in zircon and titanite constrain petrogenesis and provenance. Geology 44:2 (2016), 91–94.
Burke, W.H., Denison, R.E., Hetherington, E.A., Koepnick, R.B., Nelson, H.F., Otto, J.B., Variation of seawater 87Sr/86Sr throughout Phanerozoic time. Geology 10 (1982), 516–519.
Byrne, R.H., Liu, X., Schijf, J., The influence of phosphate coprecipitation on rare earth distributions in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60:17 (1996), 3341–3346.
Chen, J., Algeo, T.J., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.Q., Cao, L., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Diagenetic uptake of rare earth elements by bioapatite, with an example from Lower Triassic conodonts of South China. Earth Sci. Rev. 149 (2015), 181–202.
Chen, Y., Jiang, S., Ling, H., Feng, H., Yang, J., Chen, J., Pb-Pb isotope dating of black shales from the lower Cambrian Niutitang formation, Guizhou Province, South China. Prog. Nat. Sci. 13:10 (2003), 771–776.
Chen, Q., Sun, M., Long, X., Zhao, G., Wang, J., Yu, Y., Yuan, C., Provenance study for the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks from the west Yangtze Block: constraint on possible link of South China to the Gondwana supercontinent reconstruction. Precambr. Res. 309 (2018), 271–289.
Chen, D., Wang, J., Qing, H., Yan, D., Li, R., Hydrothermal venting activities in the Early Cambrian, South China: petrological, geochronological and stable isotopic constraints. Chem. Geol. 258:3-4 (2009), 168–181.
Chen, N.C., Yang, X., Liu, D., Xiao, X., Fan, D.L., Wang, L., Lower Cambrian black argillaceous and arenaceous rock series in south China and its associated stratiform deposits. Miner. Deposita 1 (1982), 39–51.
Choquette, P.W., Hiatt, E.E., Shallow-burial dolomite cement: a major component of many ancient sucrosic dolomites. Sedimentology 55:2 (2008), 423–460.
Condie, K.C., Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chem. Geol. 104:1-4 (1993), 1–37.
Coveney, R.M., Nansheng, C., Ni–Mo–PGE–Au-rich ores in Chinese black shales and speculations on possible analogues in the United States. Miner. Deposita 26:2 (1991), 83–88.
Craddock, P.R., Bach, W., Seewald, J.S., Rouxel, O.J., Reeves, E., Tivey, M.K., Rare earth element abundances in hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Indicators of sub-seafloor hydrothermal processes in back-arc basins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74:19 (2010), 5494–5513.
Cruse, A.M., Lyons, T.W., & Kidder, D.L. (2000). Rare-earth element behavior in phosphates and organic-rich host shales: an example from the Upper Carboniferous of Midcontinent North America.
Cui, H., Xiao, S., Zhou, C., Peng, Y., Kaufman, A.J., Plummer, R.E., Phosphogenesis associated with the Shuram Excursion: petrographic and geochemical observations from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China. Sed. Geol. 341 (2016), 134–146.
Decrée, S., Cawthorn, G., Deloule, E., Mercadier, J., Frimmel, H., Baele, J.M., Unravelling the processes controlling apatite formation in the Phalaborwa Complex (South Africa) based on combined cathodoluminescence, LA-ICP-MS and in-situ O and Sr isotope analyses. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 175 (2020), 1–31.
Douville, E., Bienvenu, P., Charlou, J.L., Donval, J.P., Fouquet, Y., Appriou, P., Gamo, T., Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63:5 (1999), 627–643.
Elburg, M., Vroon, P., van der Wagt, B., Tchalikian, A., Sr and Pb isotopic composition of five USGS glasses (BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G, TB-1G, NKT-1G). Chem. Geol. 223:4 (2005), 196–207.
Elderfield, H., Upstill-Goddard, R., Sholkovitz, E.R., The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54:4 (1990), 971–991.
Emo, R.B., Smit, M.A., Schmitt, M., Kooijman, E., Scherer, E.E., Sprung, P., Bleeker, W., Mezger, K., Evidence for evolved Hadean crust from Sr isotopes in apatite within Eoarchean zircon from the Acasta Gneiss Complex. Geochimica et Cosmochim Acta 235 (2018), 450–462.
Emsbo, P., Hofstra, A.H., Johnson, C.A., Koenig, A., Grauch, R., Zhang, X.C., et al., (2005). Lower Cambrian metallogenesis of south China: interplay between diverse basinal hydrothermal fluids and marine chemistry. In Mineral deposit research: Meeting the global challenge (pp. 115-118). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Emsbo, P., McLaughlin, P.I., Breit, G.N., du Bray, E.A., Koenig, A.E., Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: Solution to the global REE crisis?. Gondwana Res. 27:2 (2015), 776–785.
Fan, D., Polyelements in the Lower Cambrian black shale series in southern China. Augistithis, S.S., (eds.) The Significance of Trace Metals in Solving Petrogenetic Problems and Controversies, 1983, Theophrastus Publications S.A, Athens, 447–474.
Filippelli, G.M., Phosphate rock formation and marine phosphorus geochemistry: the deep time perspective. Chemosphere 84:6 (2011), 759–766.
Follmi, K., The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits. Earth Sci. Rev. 40:1-2 (1996), 55–124.
Frimmel, H.E., & Spangenberg, J.E. (2007). Molecular and compound-specific isotopic composition of hydrocarbons in Lower Cambrian black shales from the Yangtze Platform, South China. Andrew, C. et al., (eds.), Digging Deeper, Proc. 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, 20-23 August 2007, Irish Assoc. Econ. Geol., Dublin, v. 1, p. 801-804.
Fu, Y., Dong, L., Li, C., Qu, W., Pei, H., Qiao, W., Shen, B., New Re-Os isotopic constrains on the formation of the metalliferous deposits of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang formation. J. Earth Sci. 27:2 (2016), 271–281.
Gao, P., He, Z., Li, S., Lash, G.G., Li, B., Huang, B., Yan, D., Volcanic and hydrothermal activities recorded in phosphate nodules from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation black shales in South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 505 (2018), 381–397.
Gillespie, J., Nemchin, A.A., Kinny, P.D., Martin, L., Aleshin, M., Roberts, M.P., et al. Strontium isotope analysis of apatite via SIMS. Chem. Geol., 559, 2020, 119979.
Goldoff, B., Webster, J.D., Harlov, D.E., Characterisation of fluor-chlorapatites by electron probe microanalysis with a focus on time-dependent intensity variation of halogens. Am. Mineral. 97 (2012), 1103–1115.
Gueguen, B., Rouxel, O., Ponzevera, E., Bekker, A., Fouquet, Y., Nickel isotope variations in terrestrial silicate rocks and geological reference materials measured by MC-ICP-MS. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 37:3 (2013), 297–317.
Han, T., Zhu, X.Q., Li, K., Jiang, L., Zhao, C.H., Wang, Z.G., Metal sources for the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, South China. Ore Geol. Rev. 67 (2015), 158–169.
Han, T., Fan, H., Zhu, X., Wen, H., Zhao, C., Xiao, F., Submarine hydrothermal contribution for the extreme element accumulation during the early Cambrian, South China. Ore Geol. Rev. 86 (2017), 297–308.
Han, T., Fan, HaiFeng, Wen, HanJie, Mo, B., Murowchick, J.B., Lu, ZhiTong, Algeo, T.J., Petrography and sulfur isotopic compositions of SEDEX ores in the early Cambrian Nanhua Basin, South China. Precambr. Res., 345, 2020, 105757.
Hannisdal, B., Peters, S.E., Phanerozoic Earth system evolution and marine biodiversity. Science 334:6059 (2011), 1121–1124.
Hiatt, E.E. & Pufahl, P.K. (2014). Cathodoluminescence petrography of carbonate rocks: application to understanding diagenesis, reservoir quality, and pore system evolution: in Coulson, I. (ed.) Cathodoluminescence and Its Application to Geoscience: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series Volume 45, p. 75-96.
Hiatt, E.E., & Pufahl, P.K., (2014). Cathodoluminescence petrography of carbonate rocks: application to understanding diagenesis, reservoir quality, and pore system evolution: in Coulson, I. (ed.) Cathodoluminescence and Its Application to Geoscience: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series Volume 45, p. 75-96.
Hofmann, A., Bekker, A., Dirks, P., Gueguen, B., Comparing orthomagmatic and hydrothermal mineralization models for komatiite-hosted nickel deposits in Zimbabwe using multiple sulfur, iron, and nickel isotope data. Miner. Deposita 49 (2014), 75–100.
Hogmalm, K.J., Zack, T., Karlsson, A.-O., Sjöqvist, A.S.L., Garbe-Schönberg, D., In situ Rb–Sr and K-Ca dating by LA-ICP-MS/MS: an evaluation of N 2 O and SF 6 as reaction gases. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 32:2 (2017), 305–313.
Huang, S., Wang, W., Origin of the Fanjingshan mafic-ultramafic rocks, Western Jiangnan Orogen, South China: Implications for PGE fractionation and mineralisation. J. Earth Sci. 30 (2019), 258–271.
Jacquemin, D. (2020). The phosphatic chalk of the Mons Basin, Belgium. Petrography and geochemistry of the Ciply Phosphatic Chalk and implications on its genesis. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium Vol. 64, 93 pages (in press).
Jarvis, I., Burnett, W., Baturin, G.N., Geochemistry of phosphorite-state of the art. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 87 (1994), 643–671.
Jia, Z., Hou, D., Sun, D., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Z., Hong, M., Geochemical characteristics of source rocks in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou Province, China. J. Nat. Gas Geosci. 3:5 (2018), 263–272.
Jiang, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-Q., Ling, H.-F., Yang, J.-H., Feng, H.-Z., Ni, P., Trace-and rare-earth element geochemistry and Pb–Pb dating of black shales and intercalated Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores in Lower Cambrian strata, Yangtze Platform, South China. Miner. Deposita 41:5 (2006), 453–467.
Jiang, S., Yang, J., Ling, H., Feng, H., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Re-Os isotopes and PGE geochemistry of black shales and intercalated Ni-Mo polymetallic sulfide bed from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, South China. Prog. Nat. Sci. 13:10 (2003), 788–794.
Jiang, S.-Y., Yang, J.-H., Ling, H.-F., Chen, Y.-Q., Feng, H.-Z., Zhao, K.-D., Ni, P., Extreme enrichment of polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE–Au in Lower Cambrian black shales of South China: an Os isotope and PGE geochemical investigation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 254:1-2 (2007), 217–228.
Jiang, S.-Y., Pi, D.-H., Heubeck, C., Frimmel, H.E., Liu, Y.-P., Deng, H.-L., Ling, H.-F., Yang, J.-H., Zhu, M., Early Cambrian ocean anoxia in South China. Nature 459 (2009), E5–E6.
Jochum, K.P., Weis, U., Stoll, B., Kuzmin, D., Yang, Q., Raczek, I., Jacob, D.E., Stracke, A., Birbaum, K., Frick, D.A., Günther, D., Enzweiler, J., Determination of reference values for NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 35:4 (2011), 397–429.
Jones, C.E., Jenkyns, H.C., Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Am. J. Sci. 301 (2001), 112–149.
Kao, L.S., Peacor, D.R., Coveney, R.M. Jr., Zhao, G., Dungey, K.E., Curtis, M.D., Penner-Hahn, J.E., A C/MoS2 mixed-layer phase (MoCS) occurring in metalliferous black shales from southern China, and new data on jordisite. Am. Mineral. 86 (2001), 852–861.
Kempe, U., Götze, J., Cathodoluminecence (CL) behaviour and crystal chemistry of apatite from rare-metal deposits. Mineral. Mag. 66 (2002), 151–172.
Kidder, D.L., Eddy-Dilek, C.A., Rare-earth element variation in phosphate nodules from midcontinent Pennsylvanian cyclothems. J. Sediment. Res. 64 (1994), 584–592.
Kidder, D.L., Krishnaswamy, R., Mapes, R.H., Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implications for provenance analysis. Chem. Geol. 198:3-4 (2003), 335–353.
Krajewski, K.P., Cappellen, P.V., Trichet, J., Kuhn, O., Lucas, J., Martín-Algarra, A., et al. Biological processes and apatite formation in sedimentary environments. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 87 (1994), 701–746.
Kříbek, B., Sýkorová, I., Pašava, J., Machovič, V., Organic geochemistry and petrology of barren and Mo–Ni–PGE mineralised marine black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (South China). Int. J. Coal Geol. 7 (2007), 240–256.
Lehmann, B., Mao, J., Li, S., Zhang, G., Zeng, M., Re-Os dating of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralisation in Lower Cambrian black shales of South China and its geological significance—A REPLY. Econ. Geol. 9 (2003), 663–665.
Lehmann, B., Nägler, T.F., Holland, H.D., Wille, M., Mao, J., Pan, J., Ma, D., Dulski, P., Highly metalliferous carbonaceous shale and Early Cambrian seawater. Geology, 35(5), 2007, 403.
Lehmann, B., Frei, R., Xu, L., Mao, J., Early Cambrian black shale-hosted Mo-Ni and V mineralisation on the rifted margin of the Yangtze Platform, China: reconnaissance chromium isotope data and a refined metallogenic model. Econ. Geol. 111 (2016), 89–103.
Lehmann, B., Pašava, J., Šebek, O., Andronikov, A., Frei, R., Xu, L., Mao, J., Early Cambrian highly metalliferous black shale in South China: Cu and Zn isotopes and a short review of other non-traditional stable isotopes. Miner. Deposita 57:7 (2022), 1167–1187.
Li, Z., Duan, D., Jiang, S., Ma, Y., Yuan, H., In-situ analysis of major elements, trace elements and Sr isotopic compositions of apatite from the granite in the Chengchao skarn-type Fe deposit, Edong ore district: Implications for petrogenesis and mineralisation. Journal of Earth Sciences 29 (2018), 295–306.
Li, X., Han, T., Zhu, X., Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Shen, H., A mineralogical application of micro-PIXE technique: The Ni-Mo-PGE polymetallic layer of black shales in Zunyi region, South China. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms 308 (2013), 1–5.
Ling, H., Jiang, S., Feng, H., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Yang, J., Oxygen isotope geochemistry of phosphorite and dolomite and palaeo-ocean temperature estimation: a case study from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou Province. South China. Progress in Natural Science 14:1 (2004), 77–84.
Longerich, H.P., Jackson, S.E., Günther, D., Inter-laboratory note. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 (1996), 899–904.
Lott, D.A., Coveney, R.M., Murowchick, J.B., Grauch, R.I., Sedimentary exhalative nickel-molybdenum ores in South China. Econ. Geol. 94 (1999), 1051–1066.
Mao, J., Du, A., The 982 Ma Re-Os age of copper-nickel sulphide ores in the Baotan area, Guangxi and its geological significance. Sci. China, Ser. D Earth Sci. 45 (2002), 911–920.
Mao, J., Lehmann, B., Du, A., Zhang, G., Ma, D., Wang, Y., et al. Re-Os dating of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralisation in Lower Cambrian black shales of South China and its geologic significance. Econ. Geol. 97 (2002), 1051–1061.
Marshall, D.J., Cathodoluminescence of Geological Materials. 1988, Hyman, Boston, 146.
Mcarthur, J.M., Francolite geochemistry—compositional controls during formation, diagenesis, metamorphism and weathering. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49:1 (1985), 23–35.
McArthur, J.M., Walsh, J.N., Rare-earth geochemistry of phosphorites. Chem. Geol. 47:3-4 (1984), 191–220.
McCLELLAN, G.H., Van kauwenbergh, S.J., Mineralogical and chemical variation of francolites with geological time. Journal of the Geological Society 148:5 (1991), 809–812.
McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.-s., The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120:3-4 (1995), 223–253.
Mitchell, R.H., Xiong, J., Mariano, A.N., Fleet, M.E., Rare-earth-element-activated cathodoluminescence in apatite. The Canadian Mineralogist 35 (1997), 979–998.
Mitchell, R.H., Wahl, R., Cohen, A., Mineralogy and genesis of pyrochlore apatitite from The Good Hope Carbonatite, Ontario: A potential niobium deposit. Mineral. Mag. 84:1 (2020), 81–91.
Mitchell, R.H. (2014). Cathodoluminescence of apatite. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 45, Fredericton NB, May 2014, 143-167.
Murowchick, J.B., Coveney, R.M., Grauch, R.I., Eldridge, C.S., Shelton, K.L., Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58:7 (1994), 1813–1823.
Orberger, B., Wagner, C., Vymazalova, A., Pašava, J., Kříbek, B., & Gallien, J. P. (2005). Rare metal sequestration and mobility in mineralised black shales from the Zunyi region, South China. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Mao, J., Bierlein, F.P. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial SGA Meeting, Beijing, China, 18 - 21 August 2005, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 167-170.
Orberger, B., Vymazalova, A., Wagner, C., Fialin, M., Gallien, J.P., Wirth, R., Pasava, J., Montagnac, G., Biogenic origin of intergrown Mo-sulphide-and carbonaceous matter in Lower Cambrian black shales (Zunyi Formation, southern China). Chem. Geol. 238:3-4 (2007), 213–231.
Pagès, A., Barnes, S., Schmid, S., Coveney, R.M., Schwark, L., Liu, W., Grice, K., Fan, H., Wen, H., Geochemical investigation of the lower Cambrian mineralised black shales of South China and the late Devonian Nick deposit, Canada. Ore Geol. Rev. 94 (2018), 396–413.
Pasava, J., Frimmel, H., Taiyi, L., Koubova, M., Martinek, K., Extreme PGE concentrations in Lower Cambrian acid tuff layer from the Kunyang phosphate deposit, Yunnan province, South China—possible PGE source for Lower Cambrian Mo-Ni–polyelement ore beds. Econ. Geol. 105:6 (2010), 1047–1056.
Pašava, J., Kříbek, B., Vymazalová, A., Sýkorová, I., Žák, K., Orberger, B., Multiple sources of metals of mineralisation in Lower Cambrian black shales of South China: Evidence from geochemical and petrographic study. Resour. Geol. 58 (2008), 25–42.
Pašava, J., Zaccarini, F., Aiglsperger, T., Vymazalova, A., Platinum-group elements (PGE) and their principal carriers in metal-rich black shales: an overview with a new data from Mo-Ni-PGE black shales (Zunyi region, Guizhou Province, south China). J. Geosci. 58 (2013), 213–220.
Pašava, J., Ackerman, L., Halodová, P., Pour, O., Ďurišová, J., Zaccarini, F., Aiglsperger, T., Vymazalová, A., Concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE), Re and Au in arsenian pyrite and millerite from Mo–Ni–PGE-Au black shales (Zunyi region, Guizhou Province, China): results from LA-ICP-MS study. Eur. J. Mineral. 29:4 (2017), 623–633.
Pašava, J., Chrastný, V., Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., Šebek, O., Nickel isotopic variation in black shales from Bohemia, China, Canada, and Finland: a reconnaissance study. Miner. Deposita 54:5 (2019), 719–742.
Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., Hergt, J., Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26 (2011), 2508–2518.
Penel, G., Leroy, G., Rey, C., Bres, E., MicroRaman Spectral Study of the PO4 and CO3 vibrational modes in synthetic and biological apatites. Calcif. Tissue Int. 63:6 (1998), 475–481.
Pi, D.H., Liu, C.Q., Shields-Zhou, G.A., Jiang, S.Y., Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of black shale and kerogen in the early Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou province, South China: Constraints for redox environments and origin of metal enrichments. Precambr. Res. 225 (2013), 218–229.
Pi, D.H., Jiang, S.Y., Luo, L., Yang, J.H., Ling, H.F., Depositional environments for stratiform witherite deposits in the Lower Cambrian black shale sequence of the Yangtze Platform, southern Qinling region, SW China: Evidence from redox-sensitive trace element geochemistry. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 398 (2014), 125–131.
Potts, P.J., Tindle, A.G., Analytical characteristics of a multilayer dispersion element (2d=60Å) in the determination of fluorine in minerals by electron microprobe. Mineral. Mag. 53:371 (1989), 357–362.
Ravindran, A., Mezger, K., Balakrishnan, S., Kooijman, E., Schmitt, M., Berndt, J., Initial 87Sr/86Sr as a sensitive tracer of Archaean crust-mantle evolution: Constraints from igneous and sedimentary rocks in the western Dharwar Craton. India. Precambrian Research, 337, 2020, 105523.
Roeder, P.L., MacArthur, D., Ma, X.P., Palmer, G.R., Mariano, A.N., Cathodoluminescence and microprobe study of rare-earth elements in apatite. Am. Mineral. 72 (1987), 801–811.
Schmidt, K., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Rare earth element distribution in >400 C hot hydrothermal fluids from 5 S, MAR: The role of anhydrite in controlling highly variable distribution patterns. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74 (2010), 4058–4077.
Shields, G., Stille, P., Diagenetic constraints on the use of cerium anomalies as palaeoseawater redox proxies: an isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites. Chem. Geol. 175:1-2 (2001), 29–48.
Stanley, J.K., Byrne, R.H., The influence of solution chemistry on REE uptake by Ulva lactuca L. in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54:6 (1990), 1587–1595.
Steiner, M., Wallis, E., Erdtmann, B.-D., Zhao, Y., Yang, R., Submarine-hydrothermal exhalative ore layers in black shales from South China and associated fossils—insights into a Lower Cambrian facies and bio-evolution. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 169:3-4 (2001), 165–191.
Stormer, J.C., Pierson, M.L., Tacker, R.C., Variation of F and Cl X-ray intensity due to anisotropic diffusion in apatite during electron microprobe analysis. Am. Mineral. 78 (1993), 641–648.
Tillberg, M., Maskenskaya, O.M., Drake, H., Hogmalm, J.K., Broman, C., Fallick, A.E., Åström, M.E., Fractionation of Rare Earth Elements in Greisen and Hydrothermal Veins Related to A-Type Magmatism. Geofluids 2019 (2019), 1–20.
Trappe, J., Phanerozoic phosphorite depositional systems: a dynamic model for a sedimentary resource system, 76, 2006, Springer.
Veizer, J., Ala, D., Azmy, K., Bruckschen, P., Buhl, D., Bruhn, F., Carden, G.A.F., Diener, A., Ebneth, S., Godderis, Y., Jasper, T., Korte, C., Pawellek, F., Podlaha, O.G., Strauss, H., 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chem. Geol. 161:1-3 (1999), 59–88.
Villaseca, C., García Serrano, J., Orejana, D., Pyroxenites and Megacrysts From Alkaline Melts of the Calatrava Volcanic Field (Central Spain): Inferences From Trace Element Geochemistry and Sr-Nd Isotope Composition. Front. Earth Sci., 8, 2020, 132.
Von Damm, K.L., Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 18:1 (1990), 173–204.
Wang, X.C., Li, X.H., Li, W.X., Li, Z.X., Ca. 825 Ma komatiitic basalts in South China: First evidence for> 1500 C mantle melts by a Rodinian mantle plume. Geology, 35(12), 1103–1106.Wheat, C.G., Feely, R.A., & Mottl, M.J. (1996). Phosphate removal by oceanic hydrothermal processes: An update of the phosphorus budget in the oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (2007), 3593–3608.
Wilby, P.R., Briggs, D.E., Bernier, P., Gaillard, C., Role of microbial mats in the fossilization of soft tissues. Geology 24 (1996), 787–790.
Woodhead, J.D., Hergt, J.M., Strontium, neodymium and lead isotope analyses of NIST glass certified reference materials: SRM 610, 612, 614. Geostandard Newsletter 25 (2001), 261–266.
Xia, F., Ma, D., Pan, J., Sun, Z., Cao, S., Nie, W., Wu, K., Strontium isotopic signature of hydrothermal sedimentation from Early Cambrian barite deposits in east Guizhou. China. Chinese Science Bulletin 49:24 (2004), 2632–2636.
Xin, H., Jiang, S.Y., Yang, J.H., Wu, H.P., Pi, D.H., Rare earth element and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of phosphatic rocks in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Zhangcunping section from western Hubei Province, South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 440 (2015), 712–724.
Xin, H., Jiang, S., Yang, J., Wu, H., Pi, D., Rare earth element geochemistry of phosphatic rocks in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in hushan section from the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. J. Earth Sci. 27:2 (2016), 204–210.
Xu, L., Lehmann, B., Mao, J., Nägler, T.F., Neubert, N., Böttcher, M.E., Escher, P., Mo isotope and trace element patterns of Lower Cambrian black shales in South China: multi-proxy constraints on the paleoenvironment. Chem. Geol. 318 (2012), 45–59.
Xu, L., Lehmann, B., Mao, J., Seawater contribution to polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE–Au mineralisation in Early Cambrian black shales of South China: evidence from Mo isotope, PGE, trace element, and REE geochemistry. Ore Geol. Rev. 52 (2013), 66–84.
Xu, L., Lehmann, B., Mao, J., Wenjun, Q., Andao, D., Re-Os age of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralisation in Early Cambrian black shales of South China—a reassessment. Econ. Geol. 106 (2011), 511–522.
Yang, J.H., Kang, L.F., Peng, J.T., Zhong, H., Gao, J.F., Liu, L., In-situ elemental and isotopic compositions of apatite and zircon from the Shuikoushan and Xihuashan granitic plutons: Implication for Jurassic granitoid-related Cu-Pb-Zn and W mineralisation in the Nanling Range, South China. Ore Geol. Rev. 93 (2018), 382–403.
Ye, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., Zhai, L., Wu, C., Zhang, S., Elemental geochemistry of lower Cambrian phosphate nodules in Guizhou Province, South China: An integrated study by LA-ICP-MS mapping and solution ICP-MS. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 538, 2020, 109459.
Ye, Y.-T., Wang, H.-J., Wang, X.-M., Zhai, L.-N., Wu, C.-D., Zhang, S.-C., In-situ rare earth element analysis of a lower Cambrian phosphate nodule by LA-ICP-MS. Geol. Mag. 158:4 (2021), 749–758.
Yin, R., Xu, L., Lehmann, B., Lepak, R.F., Hurley, J.P., Mao, J., Feng, X., Hu, R., Anomalous mercury enrichment in Early Cambrian black shales of South China: mercury isotopes indicate a seawater source. Chem. Geol. 467 (2017), 159–167.
Ying, Y.C., Chen, W., Simonetti, A., Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, K.D., Significance of hydrothermal reworking for REE mineralisation associated with carbonatite: Constraints from in-situ trace element and C-Sr isotope study of calcite and apatite from the Miaoya carbonatite complex (China). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 280 (2020), 340–359.
Zack, T., Hogmalm, K.J., Laser ablation Rb/Sr dating by online chemical separation of Rb and Sr in an oxygen-filled reaction cell. Chem. Geol. 437 (2016), 120–133.
Zeng, Z., Ma, Y., Yin, X., Selby, D., Kong, F., Chen, S., Factors affecting the rare earth element compositions in massive sulfides from deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 16:8 (2015), 2679–2693.
Zeng, L.P., Zhao, X.F., Li, X.C., Hu, H., McFarlane, C., In-situ elemental and isotopic analysis of fluorapatite from the Taocun magnetite-apatite deposit, Eastern China: Constraints on fluid metasomatism. Am. Mineral. 101 (2016), 2468–2483.
Zhao, Z., Shen, B., Zhu, J.M., Lang, X., Wu, G., Tan, D., Ma, H., Active methanogenesis during the melting of Marinoan snowball Earth. Nat. Commun. 12:1 (2021), 1–9.
Zhao, X.F., Zhou, M.F., Gao, J.F., Li, X.C., Li, J.W., In-situ Sr isotope analysis of apatite by LA-MC-ICPMS: constraints on the evolution of ore fluids of the Yinachang Fe-Cu-REE deposit, Southwest China. Miner. Deposita 50 (2015), 871–884.
Zheng, J., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhang, M., Pearson, N., Pan, Y., Widespread Archean basement beneath the Yangtze craton. Geology, 34(6), 417–420.Zhou, Y., Zhong, H., Li, C., Ripley, E.M., Zhu, W.G., Bai, Z.J., & Li, C. (2017). Geochronological and geochemical constraints on sulphide mineralisation in the Qingmingshan mafic intrusion in the western part of the Proterozoic Jiangnan orogenic belt along the southern margin of the Yangtze craton. Ore Geol. Rev. 90 (2006), 618–633.
Zhu, B., Jiang, S.Y., Yang, J.H., Pi, D., Ling, H.F., Chen, Y.Q., Rare earth element and SrNd isotope geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, NW Hunan Province, South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 398 (2014), 132–143.
Zhu, B.I., Jiang, S.Y., A LA-ICP-MS analysis of rare earth elements on phosphatic grains of the Ediacaran Doushantuo phosphorite at Weng'an, South China: implication for depositional conditions and diagenetic processes. Geol. Mag. 154:6 (2017), 1381–1397.