demodulation algorithms; fiber specklegram sensors; future sensing solutions; image processing; interferometric sensors; multimode optical fibers; optical fiber sensors; optical fibers; sensing; speckle interferometry; Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics; Instrumentation; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
Abstract :
[en] Optical fiber sensors have been studied, developed, and already used in the industry for more than 50 years due to their multiplexing capabilities, lightweight design, compact form factors, and electromagnetic field immunity. The scientific community continuously studies new materials, schemes, and architectures aiming to improve existing technologies. Navigating through diverse sensor technologies, including interferometry, intensity variation, nonlinear effects, and grating-based sensors, fiber specklegram sensors (FSSs) emerge as promising alternatives due to their simplicity and low cost. This review paper, emphasizing the potential of FSSs, contributes insights to the present state and future prospects for FSSs, providing a holistic view of advancements propelling FSSs to new frontiers of innovation. Subsequent sections explore recent research, technological trends, and emerging applications, contributing to a deeper understanding of the intricacies shaping the future of FFS sensor technologies.
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering
Author, co-author :
Chapalo, Ivan ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté Polytechnique > Service d'Electromagnétisme et Télécommunications ; Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Heraklion, Greece
Stylianou, Andreas ; School of Sciences, European University Cyprus/EUC Research Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
Mégret, Patrice ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté Polytechnique > Service d'Electromagnétisme et Télécommunications
Theodosiou, Antreas ; Photonics Research Center (PRC), Lumoscribe Ltd., Paphos, Cyprus ; Institute of Photonics and Electronics (UFE), The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Language :
English
Title :
Advances in Optical Fiber Speckle Sensing: A Comprehensive Review
Publication date :
April 2024
Journal title :
Photonics
eISSN :
2304-6732
Publisher :
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Theodosiou A. Kalli K. Recent trends and advances of fibre Bragg grating sensors in CYTOP polymer optical fibres Opt. Fiber Technol. 2020 54 102079 10.1016/j.yofte.2019.102079
Mizuno Y. Theodosiou A. Kalli K. Liehr S. Lee H. Nakamura K. Distributed polymer optical fiber sensors: A review and outlook Photonics Res. 2021 9 1719 1733 10.1364/PRJ.435143
Sabri N. Aljunid S.A. Salim M.S. Ahmad R.B. Kamaruddin R. Toward Optical Sensors: Review and Applications J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2013 423 012064 10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012064
Poeggel S. Tosi D. Duraibabu D. Leen G. McGrath D. Lewis E. Optical Fibre Pressure Sensors in Medical Applications Sensors 2015 15 17115 17148 10.3390/s150717115 26184228
Leal-Junior A.G. Diaz C.A. Avellar L.M. Pontes M.J. Marques C. Frizera A. Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors in Healthcare Applications: A Comprehensive Review Sensors 2019 19 3156 10.3390/s19143156 31323734
Xiao G. Guo H. Mrad N. Rocha B. Sun Z. Towards the simultaneous monitoring of load and damage in aircraft structures using fiber Bragg grating sensors Proceedings of the OFS2012 22nd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors Beijing, China 14–19 October 2012 Volume 8421 8421BD-8421BD–4 10.1117/12.975070
Theodosiou A. Komodromos M. Kalli K. Carbon cantilever beam health inspection using a polymer fiber bragg grating array J. Light. Technol. 2017 36 986 992 10.1109/JLT.2017.2768414
André P. Varum H. Antunes P. Ferreira L. Sousa M. Monitoring of the concrete curing process using plastic optical fibers Measurement 2012 45 556 560 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.10.011
Theodosiou A. Savva P. Mendoza E. Petrou M.F. Kalli K. In-Situ Relative Humidity Sensing for Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Using Polymer Fiber Bragg Gratings IEEE Sens. J. 2021 21 16086 16092 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3075609
Leal-Junior A.G. Theodosiou A. Diaz C.R. Marques C. Pontes M.J. Kalli K. Frizera A. Simultaneous measurement of axial strain, bending and torsion with a single fiber bragg grating in cytop fiber J. Light. Technol. 2019 37 971 980 10.1109/JLT.2018.2884538
Leal-junior A.G. Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors for Healthcare Devices: From Material Analysis to Practical Applications Ph.D. Thesis Digital Repository of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Vitória, Brasil 2018 201
Domingues M.F. Tavares C. Leitão C. Frizera-Neto A. Alberto N. Marques C. Radwan A. Rodriguez J. Postolache O. Rocon E. et al. Insole optical fiber Bragg grating sensors network for dynamic vertical force monitoring J. Biomed. Opt. 2017 22 091507 10.1117/1.JBO.22.9.091507
Chiavaioli F. Baldini F. Tombelli S. Trono C. Giannetti A. Biosensing with optical fiber gratings Nanophotonics 2017 6 663 679 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0178
Pospori A. Webb D.J. Stress Sensitivity Analysis of Optical Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Fabry–Pérot Interferometric Sensors J. Light. Technol. 2017 35 2654 2659 10.1109/JLT.2017.2696301
Teng C. Min R. Zheng J. Deng S. Li M. Hou L. Yuan L. Intensity-Modulated Polymer Optical Fiber-Based Refractive Index Sensor: A Review Sensors 2021 22 81 10.3390/s22010081 35009621
Lee H. Hayashi N. Mizuno Y. Nakamura K. Slope-Assisted Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry Using Polymer Optical Fibers with High Propagation Loss J. Light. Technol. 2017 35 2306 2310 10.1109/JLT.2017.2663440
Theodosiou A. Kalli K. All-in-Fiber Cladding Interferometric and Bragg Grating Components Made via Plane-by-Plane Femtosecond Laser Inscription J. Light. Technol. 2019 37 4864 4871 10.1109/JLT.2019.2925263
Efendioglu H.S. A Review of Fiber-Optic Modal Modulated Sensors: Specklegram and Modal Power Distribution Sensing IEEE Sens. J. 2017 17 2055 2064 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2658683
Puttnam B.J. Rademacher G. Luís R.S. Space-division multiplexing for optical fiber communications Optica 2021 8 1186 1203 10.1364/OPTICA.427631
Ukil A. Braendle H. Krippner P. Distributed Temperature Sensing: Review of Technology and Applications IEEE Sens. J. 2012 12 885 892 10.1109/JSEN.2011.2162060
Ding Z. Wang C. Liu K. Jiang J. Yang D. Pan G. Pu Z. Liu T. Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry: A review Sensors 2018 18 1072 10.3390/s18041072
Leal-Junior A.G. Theodosiou A. Min R. Casas J. Diaz C.R. Dos Santos W.M. Pontes M.J. Siqueira A.A.G. Marques C. Kalli K. et al. Quasi-Distributed Torque and Displacement Sensing on a Series Elastic Actuator’s Spring Using FBG Arrays Inscribed in CYTOP Fibers IEEE Sens. J. 2019 19 4054 4061 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2898722
Sanders W.C. Basic Principles of Nanotechnology CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, USA 2018 10.1201/9781351054423-8
Theodosiou A. Komodromos M. Kalli K. Accurate and Fast Demodulation Algorithm for Multipeak FBG Reflection Spectra Using a Combination of Cross Correlation and Hilbert Transformation J. Light. Technol. 2017 35 3956 3962 10.1109/JLT.2017.2723945
Leal-Junior A. Frizera-Neto A. Marques C. Pontes M.J. Measurement of Temperature and Relative Humidity with Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors Based on the Induced Stress-Optic Effect Sensors 2018 18 916 10.3390/s18030916
Bilro L. Alberto N. Pinto J.L. Nogueira R. Optical Sensors Based on Plastic Fibers Sensors 2012 12 12184 12207 10.3390/s120912184
Wu S. Yin S. Yu F.T.S. Sensing with fiber specklegrams Appl. Opt. 1991 30 4468 4470 10.1364/AO.30.004468
Wu S. Yin S. Rajan S. Yu F.T.S. Multichannel sensing with fiber specklegrams Appl. Opt. 1992 31 5975 5983 10.1364/AO.31.005975
Takahara H. Visibility of speckle patterns: Effect of the optical guide length in coherent light Appl. Opt. 1976 15 609 610 10.1364/AO.15.000609
Crosignani B. Daino B. Di Porto P. Speckle-pattern visibility of light transmitted through a multimode optical fiber J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1976 66 1312 1313 10.1364/JOSA.66.001312
Kingsley S. Davies D. Multimode optical-fibre phase modulators and discriminators: I-theory Electron. Lett. 1978 14 322 324 10.1049/el:19780220
Kotov O. Chapalo I. Medvedev A. Mode-Mode Interference Sensor with Increasing Number of Modes along the Multimode Optical Fiber SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications San Diego, CA, USA 2014 92030B 10.1117/12.2062158
Chapalo I. Theodosiou A. Kalli K. Kotov O. Multimode Fiber Interferometer Based on Graded-Index Polymer CYTOP Fiber J. Light. Technol. 2020 38 1439 1445 10.1109/JLT.2019.2954286
Kotov O.I. Kosareva L.I. Liokumovich L.B. Markov S.I. Medvedev A.V. Nikolaev V.M. Multichannel signal detection in a multimode optical-fiber interferometer: Ways to reduce the effect of amplitude fading Tech. Phys. Lett. 2000 26 844 848 10.1134/1.1315515
Petrov A. Bisyarin M. Kotov O.I. Broadband intermodal fiber interferometer for sensor application: Fundamentals and simulator Appl. Opt. 2022 61 6544 6552 10.1364/AO.464738
Petrov A.V. E Chapalo I. I Kotov O. Theoretical analysis of averaging methods for intermodal fiber interferometer J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019 1326 012023 10.1088/1742-6596/1326/1/012023
Petrov A. Chapalo I. Kotov O. Intermodal Fiber Interferometer with Scanning Laser and Correlation Signal Processing: An Experimental Study Springer Cham, Switzerland 2021 307 316
Mehta A. Mohammed W. Johnson E.G. Multimode interference-based fiber-optic displacement sensor IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2003 15 1129 1131 10.1109/LPT.2003.815338
Wu Q. Qu Y. Liu J. Yuan J. Wan S.-P. Wu T. He X.-D. Liub B. Liuc D. Ma Y. et al. Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review IEEE Sens. J. 2021 21 12734 12751 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3039912
Wang K. Dong X. Kohler M.H. Kienle P. Bian Q. Jakobi M. Koch A.W. Advances in Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Multimode Interference (MMI): A Review IEEE Sens. J. 2021 21 132 142 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3015086
Wang K. Mizuno Y. Dong X. Kurz W. Koehler M. Kienle P. Lee H. Jakobi M. Koch A.W. Multimode optical fiber sensors: From conventional to machine learning-assisted Meas. Sci. Technol. 2024 35 022002 10.1088/1361-6501/ad0318
Wang P. Zhao H. Wang X. Farrell G. Brambilla G. A Review of Multimode Interference in Tapered Optical Fibers and Related Applications Sensors 2018 18 858 10.3390/s18030858 29538333
Guzmán-Sepúlveda J.R. Guzmán-Cabrera R. Castillo-Guzmán A.A. Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes Sensors 2021 21 1862 10.3390/s21051862 33800041
Frazão O. Silva S.O. Viegas J. Ferreira L.A. Araújo F.M. Santos J.L. Optical fiber refractometry based on multimode interference Appl. Opt. 2011 50 E184 E188 10.1364/AO.50.00E184
Wang P. Brambilla G. Ding M. Semenova Y. Wu Q. Farrell G. Investigation of single-mode–multimode–single-mode and single-mode–tapered-multimode–single-mode fiber structures and their application for refractive index sensing J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2011 28 1180 1186 10.1364/JOSAB.28.001180
Kumar A. Varshney R.K. Antony C.S. Sharma P. Transmission characteristics of SMS fiber optic sensor structures Opt. Commun. 2003 219 215 219 10.1016/S0030-4018(03)01289-6
Donlagic D. Culshaw B. Microbend sensor structure for use in distributed and quasi-distributed sensor systems based on selective launching and filtering of the modes in graded index multimode fiber J. Light. Technol. 1999 17 1856 1868 10.1109/50.793766
Gowar J. Optical Communication Systems Prentice/Hall International London, UK 1984
Kotov O.I. Bisyarin M.A. Chapalo I.E. Petrov A.V. Simulation of a multimode fiber interferometer using averaged characteristics approach J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2018 35 1990 1999 10.1364/JOSAB.35.001990
Hallam A. Mode Control in Multimode Optical Fiber and Its Applications Aston University Birmingham, UK 2007
Chapalo I. Petrov A. Bozhko D. Bisyarin M.A. Kotov O.I. Averaging Methods for a Multimode Fiber Interferometer: Experimental and Interpretation J. Light. Technol. 2020 38 5809 5816 10.1109/JLT.2020.3002617
Cabral T.D. Fujiwara E. Warren-Smith S.C. Ebendorff-Heidepriem H. Cordeiro C.M.B. Multimode exposed core fiber specklegram sensor Opt. Lett. 2020 45 3212 3215 10.1364/OL.391812
Taylor H. Bending effects in optical fibers J. Light. Technol. 1984 2 617 628 10.1109/JLT.1984.1073659
Kosareva L.I. Kotov O.I. Liokumovich L.B. Markov S.I. Medvedev A.V. Nikolaev V.M. Two mechanisms of phase modulation in multimode fiber-optic interferometers Tech. Phys. Lett. 2000 26 70 74 10.1134/1.1262745
Kotov O.I. Liokumovich G.B. Markov S.I. Registration of Influence on Optical Fiber by Mode-Mode Interference Lasers for Measurements and Information Transfer St. Petersburg, Russia 2004 91 102
Berdagué S. Facq P. Mode division multiplexing in optical fibers Appl. Opt. 1982 21 1950 1955 10.1364/AO.21.001950 20389977
Chapalo I. Petrov A. Bozhko D. Bisyarin M. Kotov O. Methods of signal averaging for a multimode fiber interferometer: An experimental study Optical Sensors 2019 SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics Prague, Czech Republic 2019 110282Q 10.1117/12.2522398
Marcuse D. Light Transmission Optics Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New York, NY, USA 1982
Rawson E.G. Goodman J.W. Norton R.E. Frequency dependence of modal noise in multimode optical fibers J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1980 70 968 976 10.1364/JOSA.70.000968
Kotov O.I. Chapalo I.E. Petrov A.V. Signals of an intermodal fiber interferometer induced by laser frequency modulation Tech. Phys. Lett. 2016 42 11 14 10.1134/S1063785016010119
Kotov O. Chapalo I. Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Mode-Mode Fiber Interferometer SPIE Optical Metrology Munich, Germany 2017 1032945 10.1117/12.2270272
Petrov A. Chapalo I.E. Bisyarin M. Kotov O.I. Intermodal fiber interferometer with frequency scanning laser for sensor application Appl. Opt. 2020 59 10422 10431 10.1364/AO.400345 33361975
Redding B. Popoff S.M. Cao H. All-fiber spectrometer based on speckle pattern reconstruction Opt. Express 2013 21 6584 6600 10.1364/OE.21.006584 23482230
Lomer M. Rodriguez-Cobo L. Revilla P. Herrero G. Madruga F. Lopez-Higuera J.M. Speckle POF Sensor for Detecting Vital Signs of Patients Proceedings of the OFS2014 23rd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors Santander, Spain 2–6 June 2014 91572I 10.1117/12.2059747
Rodríguez-Cuevas A. Peña E.R. Rodríguez-Cobo L. Lomer M. López-Higuera J.M. Low-cost fiber specklegram sensor for noncontact continuous patient monitoring J. Biomed. Opt. 2017 22 037001 10.1117/1.JBO.22.3.037001 28253378
Dhall A. Chhabra J. Aulakh N. Intrusion detection system based on speckle pattern analysis Exp. Tech. 2005 29 25 31 10.1111/j.1747-1567.2005.tb00200.x
Kotov O.I. Kosareva L.I. Liokumovich L.B. Markov S.I. Medvedev A.V. Nikolaev V.M. Multichannel signal detection in a multimode optical-fiber interferometer: Reducing the effect of spurious signals Tech. Phys. Lett. 2000 26 991 995 10.1134/1.1329694
Szustakowski M. Ciurapiński W. Życzkowski M. Wróbel J. Dulski R. Markowskia P. Security–orientated Plastic Optical Fiber sensor in Modalmetric Configuration Procedia Eng. 2012 47 916 923 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.296
Rodriguez-Cobo L. Lomer M. Lopez-Higuera J.-M. Fiber Specklegram-Multiplexed Sensor J. Light. Technol. 2015 33 2591 2597 10.1109/JLT.2014.2364318
Pan K. Uang C.-M. Cheng F. Yu F.T.S. Multimode fiber sensing by using mean-absolute speckle-intensity variation Appl. Opt. 1994 33 2095 2098 10.1364/AO.33.002095 20885549
Lujo I. Klokoc P. Komljenovic T. Sipus Z. Measuring structural vibrations with a multimode fiber optical sensor Proceedings of the 2007 19th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom) Dubrovnik, Croatia 24–26 September 2007 1 4 10.1109/ICECOM.2007.4544476
Fujiwara E. Ri Y. Wu Y.T. Fujimoto H. Suzuki C.K. Evaluation of image matching techniques for optical fiber specklegram sensor analysis Appl. Opt. 2018 57 9845 9854 10.1364/AO.57.009845 30462020
Yu F.T.S. Zhang J. Pan K. Zhao D. Ruffin P.B. Fiber vibration sensor that uses the speckle contrast ratio Opt. Eng. 1995 34 236 239 10.1117/12.188329
Kulchin Y.N. Vitrik O.B. Lantsov A.D. Correlation method for processing speckles of signals from single-fibre multimode interferometers by using charge-coupled devices Quantum Electron. 2006 36 339 342 10.1070/QE2006v036n04ABEH013147
Yu F.T.S. Wen M. Yin S. Uang C.-M. Submicrometer displacement sensing using inner-product multimode fiber speckle fields Appl. Opt. 1993 32 4685 4689 10.1364/AO.32.004685
Kulchin Y.N. Vitrik O.B. Lantsov A.D. Correlation processing of signals of a single-fibre multimode interferometer upon excitation of few modes during measurements of deformation effects Quantum Electron. 2008 38 56 58 10.1070/QE2008v038n01ABEH013639
Fujiwara E. dos Santos M.F.M. Suzuki C.K. Optical fiber specklegram sensor analysis by speckle pattern division Appl. Opt. 2017 56 1585 1590 10.1364/AO.56.001585
Rodriguez-Cobo L. Lomer M. Cobo A. Lopez-Higuera J.M. Optical fiber strain sensor with extended dynamic range based on specklegrams Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2013 203 341 345 10.1016/j.sna.2013.09.006
Kulchin Y.N. Obukh V.F. Spatial filtering of radiation from a multimode waveguide in determination of hydroacoustic pressures Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1986 16 424 426 10.1070/QE1986v016n03ABEH006093
A Bykovskiĭ Y. Vitrik O.B. Kulchin Y.N. Amplitude spatial filtering in the processing of signals from a single-fiber multimode interferometer Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1990 20 1288 1290 10.1070/QE1990v020n10ABEH007468
Kamshilin A.A. Jaaskelainen T. Kulchin Y.N. Adaptive correlation filter for stabilization of interference-fiber-optic sensors Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998 73 705 707 10.1063/1.121974
Newaz A. Faruque O. Al Mahmud R. Sagor R.H. Khan M.Z.M. Machine-Learning-Enabled Multimode Fiber Specklegram Sensors: A Review IEEE Sens. J. 2023 23 20937 20950 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3298169
Liu Y. Li G. Qin Q. Tan Z. Wang M. Yan F. Bending recognition based on the analysis of fiber specklegrams using deep learning Opt. Laser Technol. 2020 131 106424 10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106424
Li G. Liu Y. Qin Q. Zou X. Wang M. Ren W. Feature Extraction Enabled Deep Learning From Specklegram for Optical Fiber Curvature Sensing IEEE Sens. J. 2022 22 15974 15984 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3188694
Lu S. Tan Z. Li G. Jingya Y. A Sensitized Plastic Fiber Sensor for Multi-Point Bending Measurement Based on Deep Learning IEEE Photonics J. 2021 13 8600107 10.1109/JPHOT.2021.3103566
Ding Z. Zhang Z. 2D tactile sensor based on multimode interference and deep learning Opt. Laser Technol. 2020 136 106760 10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106760
Pal D. Agadarov S. Beiderman Y. Beiderman Y. Kumar A. Zalevsky Z. Non-invasive blood glucose sensing by machine learning of optic fiber-based speckle pattern variation J. Biomed. Opt. 2022 27 097001 10.1117/1.JBO.27.9.097001
Chen P. You C. Ding P. Event classification using improved salp swarm algorithm based probabilistic neural network in fiber-optic perimeter intrusion detection system Opt. Fiber Technol. 2020 56 102182 10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102182
Cuevas A.R. Fontana M. Rodriguez-Cobo L. Lomer M. Lopez-Higuera J.M. Machine Learning for Turning Optical Fiber Specklegram Sensor into a Spatially-Resolved Sensing System. Proof of Concept J. Light. Technol. 2018 36 3733 3738 10.1109/JLT.2018.2850801
Gao H. Hu H. Spatially-resolved bending recognition based on a learning-empowered fiber specklegram sensor Opt. Express 2023 31 7671 7683 10.1364/OE.482953 36859894
Wei M. Tang G. Liu J. Zhu L. Liu J. Huang C. Zhang J. Shen L. Yu S. Neural Network Based Perturbation-Location Fiber Specklegram Sensing System Towards Applications With Limited Number of Training Samples J. Light. Technol. 2021 39 6315 6326 10.1109/JLT.2021.3098345
Markvart A.A. Liokumovich L.B. Ushakov N.A. Simultaneous measurement of strain and bend with a fiber optic SMS structure Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Sensors Conference 2020 Special Edition Washington, DC, USA 8–12 June 2020 W4.57 10.1364/OFS.2020.W4.57
Markvart A.A. Liokumovich L.B. Ushakov N.A. Fiber Optic SMS Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Curvature Tech. Phys. Lett. 2022 48 34 10.21883/TPL.2022.15.55279.18969
Galarza M. Perez-Herrera R.A. Leandro D. Judez A. López-Amo M. Spatial-frequency multiplexing of high-sensitivity liquid level sensors based on multimode interference micro-fibers Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2020 307 111985 10.1016/j.sna.2020.111985
Rota-Rodrigo S. Lopez-Aldaba A. Perez-Herrera R.A. Bautista M.d.C.L. Esteban O. Lopez-Amo M. Simultaneous Measurement of Humidity and Vibration Based on a Microwire Sensor System Using Fast Fourier Transform Technique J. Light. Technol. 2016 34 4525 4530 10.1109/JLT.2016.2580003
Cardona-Maya Y. Del Villar I. Socorro A.B. Corres J.M. Matias I.R. Botero-Cadavid J.F. Wavelength and Phase Detection Based SMS Fiber Sensors Optimized With Etching and Nanodeposition J. Light. Technol. 2017 35 3743 3749 10.1109/JLT.2017.2719923
Petrov A. Kotov O. Golovchenko A. Measurement of External Impact by an Intermodal Fiber Interferometer with Spectral Interrogation and Fourier Transform of Output Signals Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech) St. Petersbourg, Russia 20–21 October 2023 406 409 10.1109/EExPolytech58658.2023.10318614
Theodosiou A. Adaptive Refractive Index Measurements via Polymer Optical Fiber Speckle Pattern Analysis IEEE Sens. J. 2024 24 287 291 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3330740
Leung C.-Y. Chang I.-F. Hsu S. Fiberoptic Line-Sensing System for Perimeter Protection Against Intrusion Optical Fiber Sensors Optica Publishing Group Tokyo, Japan 1986 54 10.1364/OFS.1986.54
Leng J. Asundi A. NDE of smart structures using multimode fiber optic vibration sensor NDT E Int. 2002 35 45 51 10.1016/S0963-8695(01)00024-X
Wang J.-J. Yan S.-C. Xu F. Speckle-based fiber sensor for temperature measurement Proceedings of the 2017 16th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) Wuzhen, China 7–10 August 2017 1 3 10.1109/ICOCN.2017.8121187
Wang J.-J. Yan S.-C. Ruan Y.-P. Xu F. Lu Y.-Q. Fiber-Optic Point-Based Sensor Using Specklegram Measurement Sensors 2017 17 2429 10.3390/s17102429 29064387
Musin F. Mégret P. Wuilpart M. Fiber-Optic Surface Temperature Sensor Based on Modal Interference Sensors 2016 16 1189 10.3390/s16081189 27483271
Regez B. Sayeh M. Mahajan A. Figueroa F. A novel fiber optics based method to measure very low strains in large scale infrastructures Measurement 2009 42 183 188 10.1016/j.measurement.2008.05.005
Fujiwara E. da Silva L.E. Marques T.H.R. Cordeiro C.M.B. Polymer optical fiber specklegram strain sensor with extended dynamic range Opt. Eng. 2018 57 116107 10.1117/1.OE.57.11.116107
Fujiwara E. Wu Y.T. dos Santos M.F.M. Schenkel E.A. Suzuki C.K. Development of a tactile sensor based on optical fiber specklegram analysis and sensor data fusion technique Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2017 263 677 686 10.1016/j.sna.2017.07.031
Garcia-Valenzuela A. Tabib-Azar M. Fiber-optic force and displacement sensor based on speckle detection with 0.1 nN and 0.1 Å resolution Sens. Actuators A Phys. 1993 36 199 208 10.1016/0924-4247(93)80194-L
Wang X. Song L. Wang X. Lu S. Li J. Zhang P. Fang F. An Ultrasensitive Fiber-End Tactile Sensor With Large Sensing Angle Based on Specklegram Analysis IEEE Sens. J. 2023 23 30394 30402 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3327512
Kinet D. Wuilpart M. Reginster M. Caucheteur C. Musin F. Cost-effective optical fiber gas leakage detector around buried pipelines Optical Sensing and Detection V SPIE Photonics Europe Strasbourg, France 2018 1068018 10.1117/12.2307763
Ramprasad B. Bai T.R. Speckle-based fibre-optic current sensor Opt. Laser Technol. 1984 16 156 159 10.1016/0030-3992(84)90098-7
Wang B. Fu J.Y. Liu Y. Guo R. Yu F.T.S. Displacement Sensing with Hetero-Core Fiber Specklegram Proceedings of the Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting Denver, CO, USA 2–6 August 2004 164 10.1117/12.560515
Liu Y. Qin Q. Liu H.-H. Tan Z.-W. Wang M.-G. Investigation of an image processing method of step-index multimode fiber specklegram and its application on lateral displacement sensing Opt. Fiber Technol. 2018 46 48 53 10.1016/j.yofte.2018.09.007
Chen W. Feng F. Chen D. Lin W. Chen S.-C. Precision non-contact displacement sensor based on the near-field characteristics of fiber specklegrams Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2019 296 1 6 10.1016/j.sna.2019.06.010
Osório J.H. Cabral T.D. Fujiwara E. Franco M.A. Amrani F. Delahaye F. Gérôme F. Benabid F. Cordeiro C.M. Displacement sensor based on a large-core hollow fiber and specklegram analysis Opt. Fiber Technol. 2023 78 103335 10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103335
Wang X. Yang Y. Li S. Wang X. Zhang P. Lu S. Yu D. Zheng Y. Song L. Fang F. A reflective multimode fiber vector bending sensor based on specklegram Opt. Laser Technol. 2024 170 110235 10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.110235
Warren-Smith S.C. Kilpatrick A.D. Wisal K. Nguyen L.V. Multimode optical fiber specklegram smart bed sensor array J. Biomed. Opt. 2022 27 067002 10.1117/1.JBO.27.6.067002 35751142
Bennett A. Beiderman Y. Agdarov S. Beiderman Y. Hendel R. Straussman B. Zalevsky Z. Monitoring of vital bio-signs by analysis of speckle patterns in a fabric-integrated multimode optical fiber sensor Opt. Express 2020 28 20830 20844 10.1364/OE.384423 32680135
Markvart A. Kulik D. Petrov A. Liokumovich L. Ushakov N. Pulse Wave Measurement Using Fiber-Optic Intermodal Interferometric Sensor International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies: Proceedings of the YETI 2021, St. Petersburg, Russia Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany 2022 429 436
Pang Y.-N. Liu B. Liu J. Wan S.-P. Wu T. Yuan J. Xin X. He X.-D. Wu Q. Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Optical Fiber Sensor for Accurate Blood Pressure Monitoring J. Light. Technol. 2022 40 4443 4450 10.1109/JLT.2022.3155194
Zhao F. Lin W. Guo P. Hu J. Liu S. Yu F. Zuo G. Wang G. Liu H. Chen J. et al. Demodulation of DBR Fiber Laser Sensors With Speckle Patterns IEEE Sens. J. 2023 23 26022 26030 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3317820
Lin W. Liu B. Liu H. Yang C. Zhang H. Fibre-optic salinity sensor based on multimode fibre specklegram analysis Meas. Sci. Technol. 2021 32 115110 10.1088/1361-6501/ac0fa8
Fujiwara E. da Silva L.E. Cabral T.D. de Freitas H.E. Wu Y.T. Cordeiro C.M.d.B. Optical Fiber Specklegram Chemical Sensor Based on a Concatenated Multimode Fiber Structure J. Light. Technol. 2019 37 5041 5047 10.1109/JLT.2019.2927332
Mu G. Liu Y. Qin Q. Tan Z. Li G. Wang M. Yan F. Refractive Index Sensing Based on the Analysis of D-Shaped Multimode Fiber Specklegrams IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2020 32 485 488 10.1109/LPT.2020.2980574
Arı F. Şerbetçi H. Navruz I. Tapered fiber optic refractive index sensor using speckle pattern imaging Opt. Fiber Technol. 2023 79 103366 10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103366
Al Zain M. Karimi-Alavijeh H. Moallem P. Khorsandi A. Ahmadi K. A High-Sensitive Fiber Specklegram Refractive Index Sensor With Microfiber Adjustable Sensing Area IEEE Sens. J. 2023 23 15570 15577 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3278608
Cai L. Wang M. Zhao Y. Investigation on refractive index sensing characteristics based on multimode fiber specklegram Meas. Sci. Technol. 2023 34 015125 10.1088/1361-6501/ac9b7d
Guo P. Peng X. Li J. Zhou Z. Hu J. Xue C. Hu J. Li J. Dang H. Chen J. et al. Refractive Index Detection of Liquid Analyte in Broad Range Using Multimode Fiber Speckle Sensor Proceedings of the 2022 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) Shenzhen, China 5–8 November 2022 1981 1983 10.1109/ACP55869.2022.10088535
Liu Y. Lin W. Zhao F. Liu Y. Sun J. Hu J. Li J. Chen J. Zhang X. Vai M.I. et al. A Multimode Microfiber Specklegram Biosensor for Measurement of CEACAM5 through AI Diagnosis Biosensors 2024 14 57 10.3390/bios14010057 38275310
Feng F. Chen W. Chen D. Lin W. Chen S.-C. In-situ ultrasensitive label-free DNA hybridization detection using optical fiber specklegram Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018 272 160 165 10.1016/j.snb.2018.05.099
Inalegwu O.C. Ii R.E.G. Huang J. A Machine Learning Specklegram Wavemeter (MaSWave) Based on a Short Section of Multimode Fiber as the Dispersive Element Sensors 2023 23 4574 10.3390/s23104574
Tan H. Li B. Crozier K.B. Optical fiber speckle spectrometer based on reversed-lens smartphone microscope Sci. Rep. 2023 13 12958 10.1038/s41598-023-39778-z 37563276
Redding B. Alam M. Seifert M. Cao H. High-resolution and broadband all-fiber spectrometers Optica 2014 1 175 10.1364/OPTICA.1.000175
Jamali R. Nazari F. Ghaffari A. Velu S.K.P. Moradi A.-R. Speckle tweezers for manipulation of high and low refractive index micro-particles and nano-particle loaded vesicles Nanophotonics 2021 10 2915 2928 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0270
Volpe G. Kurz L. Callegari A. Volpe G. Gigan S. Speckle optical tweezers: Micromanipulation with random light fields Opt. Express 2014 22 18159 18167 10.1364/OE.22.018159
Moslehi B. Goodman J.W. Rawson E.G. Bandwidth estimation for multimode optical fibers using the frequency correlation function of speckle patterns Appl. Opt. 1983 22 995 999 10.1364/AO.22.000995
Ahn T.-J. Moon S. Kim S. Oh K. Kim D.Y. Kobelke J. Schuster K. Kirchhof J. Frequency-domain intermodal interferometer for the bandwidth measurement of a multimode fiber Appl. Opt. 2006 45 8238 8243 10.1364/AO.45.008238 17068566
Feng Z. Sakr H. Hayes J.R. Fokoua E.R.N. Ding M. Poletti F. Richardson D.J. Slavík R. Hollow-core fiber with stable propagation delay between −150 °C and +60 °C Opt. Lett. 2023 48 763 766 10.1364/OL.478183 36723583
Kumar S.H. Kumar C.J. Somnath B. Kumar G.P. Multi-Fiber Optic 2d-Array Device for Sensing and Localizing Environment Perturbation Using Speckle Image Processing US6590194B2 27 March 2001
Thompson D. Joshua G. Keenan R. Fiber-Optic Mat Sensor US7532781B2, 19/772007 12 May 2009
Kotov O.I. Chapalo I.E. Medvedev A.V. Dependence of the signal of a multimode fiber-optic interferometer on the mode power distribution Tech. Phys. Lett. 2014 40 509 512 10.1134/S1063785014060194
Kotov O.I. Chapalo I.E. External impact localization in a distributed intermodal fiber interferometer Tech. Phys. Lett. 2015 41 1139 1142 10.1134/S1063785015120068
Kotov O. Chapalo I. Mode-Mode Fiber Interferometer with Impact Localization Ability SPIE Photonics Europe Brussels, Belgium 2016 98992J 10.1117/12.2227916
Chapalo I. Kotov O. Petrov A. Dual-wavelength one-directional multimode fiber interferometer with impact localization ability Optical Sensing and Detection V SPIE Photonics Europe Strassburg, France 2018 106801V 10.1117/12.2307154
Chapalo I. Theodosiou A. Kalli K. Kotov O. Multimode fiber interferometer with embedded long period grating Seventh European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors; In Proceedings of the Seventh European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors Limassol, Cyprus 1–4 October 2019 111990Q 10.1117/12.2541291
Chapalo I. Chah K. Gusarov A. Ioannou A. Pospori A. Nan Y.-G. Kalli K. Mégret P. Gamma-radiation enhancement of sensing properties of FBGs in a few-mode polymer CYTOP fiber Opt. Lett. 2023 48 1248 1251 10.1364/OL.482936