Community structure-function linkages; Comparative metaproteomics; Plastisphere formation; Colonisation; Community structure-function linkage; Community structures; Comparative metaproteomic; Inocula; Marinomonas; Prokaryotics; Pseudoalteromonas; Structure-function linkages; Toxicology; Pollution; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Abstract :
[en] The taxonomy of marine plastisphere communities has been extensively studied, demonstrating the ubiquity of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria of potential biotechnological significance. However, prokaryotic functioning on plastic surfaces has received limited attention, and the question of whether these microorganisms are active and expressing specific molecular mechanisms underpinning plastisphere colonisation remains to be addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the plastic colonisation process, to identify the active taxa involved in biofilm formation and the mechanisms used to initiate colonisation. To achieve this, a marine plastisphere characterised by active hydrocarbonoclastic genera was used as the inoculum for a short-term microcosm experiment using virgin low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source. Following incubation for 1 and 2 weeks (representing early and late colonisation, respectively), a taxonomic and comparative metaproteomic approach revealed a significant shift in plastisphere diversity and composition, yet highlighted stability in the predominance of active Proteobacteria spanning 16 genera, including Marinomonas, Pseudomonas, and Pseudoalteromonas. Relative quantification of 1762 proteins shared between the initial plastisphere inoculum, the microcosm plastisphere and the planktonic cells in the surrounding artificial seawater, provided insights into the differential regulation of proteins associated with plastisphere formation. This included the upregulation of proteins mediating cellular attachment in the plastisphere, for example flagellin expressed by Marinomonas, Cobetia, Pseudoalteromonas, and Pseudomonas, and curli expressed by Cobetia. In addition to the differential regulation of energy metabolism in Marinomonas, Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas and Cobetia within the plastisphere relative to the surrounding seawater. Further, we identified the upregulation of amino acid metabolism and transport, including glutamine hydrolysis to glutamate in Marinomonas and unclassified Halomonadaceae, potentially coupled to ammonia availability and oxidative stress experienced within the plastisphere. Our study provides novel insights into the dynamics of plastisphere formation and function, highlighting potential targets for regulating plastisphere growth to enhance plastic bioremediation processes.
Messer, Lauren F ; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: lauren.messer@stir.ac.uk
Wattiez, Ruddy ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Protéomie et Microbiologie
Matallana-Surget, Sabine ; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sabine.matallanasurget@stir.ac.uk
Language :
English
Title :
A closer look at plastic colonisation: Prokaryotic dynamics in established versus newly synthesised marine plastispheres and their planktonic state.
This research was funded by the joint UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF), project, \u201CSources impacts and solutions to plastics in South-East Asia coastal environments\u201D. L.F.M and S.M.-S were supported by the UKRI NERC/NRF project (NERC Award No. NE/V009621/1, NRF Award No. NRF-SEAP-2020-0001). The Bioprofiling platform used for proteomic analysis was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the Walloon Region, Belgium.The authors would like to thank Dr Johannes Werner for the updated version of mPies, in addition to the High Performance and Cloud Computing Group at the Zentrum f\u00FCr Datenverarbeitung of the University of T\u00FCbingen and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through grant no 031 A535A, for the use of de.NBI cloud for data analysis.\u2003The authors also acknowledge Dr. Sven-Ernoe Bikar of StarSEQ\u00AE GmbH platform, Germany, where the amplicon sequencing was performed.This research was funded by the joint UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF), project, \u201CSources impacts and solutions to plastics in South-East Asia coastal environments\u201D. L.F.M and S.M.-S were supported by the UKRI NERC/NRF project (NERC Award No. NE/V009621/1, NRF Award No. NRF-SEAP-2020-0001). The Bioprofiling platform used for proteomic analysis was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the Walloon Region, Belgium.The authors would like to thank Dr Johannes Werner for the updated version of mPies, in addition to the High Performance and Cloud Computing Group at the Zentrum f\u00FCr Datenverarbeitung of the University of T\u00FCbingen and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through grant no 031 A535A, for the use of de.NBI cloud for data analysis. \u2003 The authors also acknowledge Dr. Sven-Ernoe Bikar of StarSEQ\u00AE GmbH platform, Germany, where the amplicon sequencing was performed.
Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Zettler, E.R., Mincer, T.J., Ecology of the plastisphere. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18 (2020), 139–151.
Amir, A., McDonald, D., Navas-Molina, J.A., Kopylova, E., Morton, J.T., Zech Xu, Z., Kightley, E.P., Thompson, L.R., Hyde, E.R., Gonzalez, A., Knight, R., Deblur rapidly resolves Single-nucleotide community sequence patterns. mSystems, 2, 2017.
Angelova, A.G., Berx, B., Bresnan, E., Joye, S.B., Free, A., Gutierrez, T., Inter- and Intra-Annual Bacterioplankton community patterns in a Deepwater Sub-Arctic region: Persistent high background abundance of Putative oil degraders. mBio, 2021 12e03701-20.
Bağcı, C., Patz, S., Huson, D.H., DIAMOND+MEGAN: Fast and Easy taxonomic and functional analysis of short and long microbiome sequences. Curr Protoc, 1, 2021, e59.
Bhagwat, G., O'Connor, W., Grainge, I., Palanisami, T., Understanding the Fundamental Basis for biofilm formation on plastic surfaces: role of conditioning films. Front. Microbiol., 12, 2021, 687118.
Bhagwat, G., Zhu, Q., O'Connor, W., Subashchandrabose, S., Grainge, I., Knight, R., Palanisami, T., Exploring the composition and functions of plastic microbiome using Whole-Genome sequencing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55 (2021), 4899–4913.
Bokulich, N.A., Kaehler, B.D., Rideout, J.R., Dillon, M., Bolyen, E., Knight, R., Huttley, G.A., Gregory Caporaso, J., Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2's q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome, 6, 2018, 90.
Bolyen, E., Rideout, J.R., Dillon, M.R., Bokulich, N.A., Abnet, C.C., Al-Ghalith, G.A., Alexander, H., Alm, E.J., Arumugam, M., Asnicar, F., Bai, Y., Bisanz, J.E., Bittinger, K., Brejnrod, A., Brislawn, C.J., Brown, C.T., Callahan, B.J., Caraballo-Rodríguez, A.M., Chase, J., Cope, E.K., Da Silva, R., Diener, C., Dorrestein, P.C., Douglas, G.M., Durall, D.M., Duvallet, C., Edwardson, C.F., Ernst, M., Estaki, M., Fouquier, J., Gauglitz, J.M., Gibbons, S.M., Gibson, D.L., Gonzalez, A., Gorlick, K., Guo, J., Hillmann, B., Holmes, S., Holste, H., Huttenhower, C., Huttley, G.A., Janssen, S., Jarmusch, A.K., Jiang, L., Kaehler, B.D., Kang, K.B., Keefe, C.R., Keim, P., Kelley, S.T., Knights, D., Koester, I., Kosciolek, T., Kreps, J., Langille, M.G.I., Lee, J., Ley, R., Liu, Y.-X., Loftfield, E., Lozupone, C., Maher, M., Marotz, C., Martin, B.D., McDonald, D., McIver, L.J., Melnik, A.V., Metcalf, J.L., Morgan, S.C., Morton, J.T., Naimey, A.T., Navas-Molina, J.A., Nothias, L.F., Orchanian, S.B., Pearson, T., Peoples, S.L., Petras, D., Preuss, M.L., Pruesse, E., Rasmussen, L.B., Rivers, A., Robeson, M.S., Rosenthal, P., Segata, N., Shaffer, M., Shiffer, A., Sinha, R., Song, S.J., Spear, J.R., Swafford, A.D., Thompson, L.R., Torres, P.J., Trinh, P., Tripathi, A., Turnbaugh, P.J., Ul-Hasan, S., van der Hooft, J.J.J., Vargas, F., Vázquez-Baeza, Y., Vogtmann, E., von Hippel, M., Walters, W., Wan, Y., Wang, M., Warren, J., Weber, K.C., Williamson, C.H.D., Willis, A.D., Xu, Z.Z., Zaneveld, J.R., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Q., Knight, R., Caporaso, J.G., Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37 (2019), 852–857.
Bos, R.P., Kaul, D., Zettler, E.R., Hoffman, J.M., Dupont, C.L., Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Mincer, T.J., Plastics select for distinct early colonizing microbial populations with reproducible traits across environmental gradients. Environ. Microbiol. 25 (2023), 2761–2775, 10.1111/1462-2920.16391.
Bryant, J.A., Clemente, T.M., Viviani, D.A., Fong, A.A., Thomas, K.A., Kemp, P., Karl, D.M., White, A.E., DeLong, E.F., Diversity and activity of communities inhabiting plastic debris in the North Pacific Gyre. mSystems, 1, 2016, 10.
Buchfink, B., Xie, C., Huson, D.H., Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat. Methods 12 (2015), 59–60.
Camacho, M., Herrera, A., Gómez, M., Acosta-Dacal, A., Martínez, I., Henríquez-Hernández, L.A., Luzardo, O.P., Organic pollutants in marine plastic debris from Canary Islands beaches. Sci. Total Environ. 662 (2019), 22–31.
Choi, M., Chang, C.-Y., Clough, T., Broudy, D., Killeen, T., MacLean, B., Vitek, O., MSstats: an R package for statistical analysis of quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic experiments. Bioinformatics 30 (2014), 2524–2526.
Dang, H., Lovell, C.R., Microbial surface colonization and biofilm development in marine environments. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 80 (2015), 91–138.
De Tender, C.A., Devriese, L.I., Haegeman, A., Maes, S., Ruttink, T., Dawyndt, P., Bacterial community Profiling of plastic Litter in the Belgian Part of the North Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015), 9629–9638.
Delacuvellerie, A., Cyriaque, V., Gobert, S., Benali, S., Wattiez, R., The plastisphere in marine ecosystem hosts potential specific microbial degraders including Alcanivorax borkumensis as a key player for the low-density polyethylene degradation. J. Hazard Mater., 380, 2019, 120899.
Delacuvellerie, A., Géron, A., Gobert, S., Wattiez, R., New insights into the functioning and structure of the PE and PP plastispheres from the Mediterranean Sea. Environ. Pollut., 295, 2022, 118678.
Dinamarca, M.A., Eyzaguirre, J., Baeza, P., Aballay, P., Canales, C., Ojeda, J., A new functional biofilm biocatalyst for the simultaneous removal of dibenzothiophene and quinoline using Rhodococcus rhodochrous and curli amyloid overproducer mutants derived from Cobetia sp. strain MM1IDA2H-1. Biotechnol Rep (Amst), 20, 2018, e00286.
Dudek, K.L., Cruz, B.N., Polidoro, B., Neuer, S., Microbial colonization of microplastics in the Caribbean sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 5 (2020), 5–17.
Eguchi, M., Nishikawa, T., Macdonald, K., Cavicchioli, R., Gottschal, J.C., Kjelleberg, S., Responses to stress and nutrient availability by the marine Ultramicrobacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain RB2256. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (1996), 1287–1294.
Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, L.M., Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, C.J., Carpenter, E.J., Day, R.H., Thiel, M., Wilcox, C., A growing plastic smog, now estimated to be over 170 trillion plastic particles afloat in the world's oceans-Urgent solutions required. PLoS One, 18, 2023, e0281596.
Erni-Cassola, G., Wright, R.J., Gibson, M.I., Christie-Oleza, J.A., Early colonization of Weathered polyethylene by distinct bacteria in marine coastal seawater. Microb. Ecol. 79 (2020), 517–526.
Fernández-González, V., Andrade-Garda, J.M., López-Mahía, P., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., Impact of weathering on the chemical identification of microplastics from usual packaging polymers in the marine environment. Anal. Chim. Acta 1142 (2021), 179–188.
Forchhammer, K., Glutamine signalling in bacteria. Front. Biosci. 12 (2007), 358–370.
Gambarini, V., Pantos, O., Kingsbury, J.M., Weaver, L., Handley, K.M., Lear, G., PlasticDB: a database of microorganisms and proteins linked to plastic biodegradation. Database, 2022, 2022, 10.1093/database/baac008.
Géron, A., Werner, J., Lebaron, P., Wattiez, R., Matallana-Surget, S., Diel protein regulation of marine Picoplanktonic communities assessed by metaproteomics. Microorganisms, 9(12), 2021, 2621.
Géron, A., Werner, J., Wattiez, R., Lebaron, P., Matallana-Surget, S., Deciphering the functioning of microbial communities: Shedding Light on the critical steps in metaproteomics. Front. Microbiol., 10, 2019, 2395.
Hassanov, T., Karunker, I., Steinberg, N., Erez, A., Kolodkin-Gal, I., Novel antibiofilm chemotherapies target nitrogen from glutamate and glutamine. Sci. Rep., 8, 2018, 7097.
He, L., He, T., Farrar, S., Ji, L., Liu, T., Ma, X., Antioxidants maintain cellular redox homeostasis by Elimination of reactive oxygen species. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 44 (2017), 532–553.
Howard, S.A., McCarthy, R.R., Modulating biofilm can potentiate activity of novel plastic-degrading enzymes. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 9, 2023, 72.
Huang, H., Liu, P., Shi, Y., Wu, X., Gao, S., Remarkable characteristics and distinct community of biofilms on the photoaged polyethylene films in riverine microcosms. Environ. Pollut., 292, 2022, 118485.
Kaandorp, M.L.A., Lobelle, D., Kehl, C., Dijkstra, H.A., van Sebille, E., Global mass of buoyant marine plastics dominated by large long-lived debris. Nat. Geosci. 16 (2023), 689–694.
Katoh, K., Standley, D.M., MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 (2013), 772–780.
Kettner, M.T., Oberbeckmann, S., Labrenz, M., Grossart, H.-P., The eukaryotic Life on microplastics in Brackish ecosystems. Front. Microbiol., 10, 2019, 538.
Kirstein, I.V., Wichels, A., Gullans, E., Krohne, G., Gerdts, G., The Plastisphere - Uncovering tightly attached plastic ‘specific’ microorganisms. PLoS One, 14, 2019, e0215859.
Latva, M., Dedman, C.J., Wright, R.J., Polin, M., Christie-Oleza, J.A., Microbial pioneers of plastic colonisation in coastal seawaters. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 179, 2022, 113701.
Lee, C.E., Messer, L.F., Holland, S.I., Gutierrez, T., Quilliam, R.S., Matallana-Surget, S., The primary molecular influences of marine plastisphere formation and function: novel insights into organism - organism and -co-pollutant interactions. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54:2 (2023), 138–161.
Martin, M., Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet.journal 17 (2011), 10–12.
Martín-Rodríguez, A.J., Respiration-induced biofilm formation as a driver for bacterial niche colonization. Trends Microbiol. 31 (2023), 120–134.
Messer, L.F., Lee, C.E., Wattiez, R., Matallana-Surget, S., Novel functional insights into the microbiome inhabiting marine plastic debris: critical considerations to counteract the challenges of thin biofilms using multi-omics and comparative metaproteomics. Microbiome, 12, 2024, 36.
Mincer, T.J., Zettler, E.R., Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Biofilms on plastic debris and their influence on marine nutrient cycling, productivity, and hazardous chemical mobility. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 2016, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 221–233.
Oberbeckmann, S., Bartosik, D., Huang, S., Werner, J., Hirschfeld, C., Wibberg, D., Heiden, S.E., Bunk, B., Overmann, J., Becher, D., Kalinowski, J., Schweder, T., Labrenz, M., Markert, S., Genomic and proteomic profiles of biofilms on microplastics are decoupled from artificial surface properties. Environ. Microbiol. 23 (2021), 3099–3115.
Oberbeckmann, S., Labrenz, M., Marine microbial Assemblages on microplastics: diversity, adaptation, and role in degradation. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci 12 (2020), 209–232.
Ogonowski, M., Motiei, A., Ininbergs, K., Hell, E., Gerdes, Z., Udekwu, K.I., Bacsik, Z., Gorokhova, E., Evidence for selective bacterial community structuring on microplastics. Environ. Microbiol. 20 (2018), 2796–2808.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O'Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Vegan: community Ecology package. R package version 2 (2019), 5–6.
Parada, A.E., Needham, D.M., Fuhrman, J.A., Every base matters: assessing small subunit rRNA primers for marine microbiomes with mock communities, time series and global field samples. Environ. Microbiol. 18 (2016), 1403–1414.
Pauli, N.-C., Petermann, J.S., Lott, C., Weber, M., Macrofouling communities and the degradation of plastic bags in the sea: an in situ experiment. R. Soc. Open Sci., 4, 2017, 170549.
Pino, L.K., Searle, B.C., Bollinger, J.G., Nunn, B., MacLean, B., MacCoss, M.J., The Skyline ecosystem: Informatics for quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 39 (2020), 229–244.
Pisithkul, T., Schroeder, J.W., Trujillo, E.A., Yeesin, P., Stevenson, D.M., Chaiamarit, T., Coon, J.J., Wang, J.D., Amador-Noguez, D., Metabolic Remodeling during biofilm development of Bacillus subtilis. mBio, 10(3), 2019, e00623 19.
Price, M.N., Dehal, P.S., Arkin, A.P., FastTree 2--approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments. PLoS One, 5, 2010, e9490.
Prindle, A., Liu, J., Humphries, J., Gabalda-Sagarra, M., Asally, M., Lee, D.-Y.D., Ly, S., Garcia-Ojalvo, J., Süel, G.M., Metabolic co-dependence gives rise to collective oscillations within biofilms. Nature 523 (2015), 550–554.
Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., Peplies, J., Glöckner, F.O., The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (2013), D590–D596.
Reisser, J., Shaw, J., Hallegraeff, G., Proietti, M., Barnes, D.K.A., Thums, M., Wilcox, C., Hardesty, B.D., Pattiaratchi, C., Millimeter-sized marine plastics: a new pelagic habitat for microorganisms and invertebrates. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e100289.
Rognes, T., Flouri, T., Nichols, B., Quince, C., Mahé, F., VSEARCH: a versatile open source tool for metagenomics. PeerJ, 4, 2016, e2584.
Scales, B.S., Cable, R.N., Duhaime, M.B., Gerdts, G., Fischer, F., Fischer, D., Mothes, S., Hintzki, L., Moldaenke, L., Ruwe, M., Kalinowski, J., Kreikemeyer, B., Pedrotti, M.-L., Gorsky, G., Elineau, A., Labrenz, M., Oberbeckmann, S., Cross-hemisphere study reveals Geographically ubiquitous, plastic-specific bacteria Emerging from the Rare and Unexplored Biosphere. mSphere, 6, 2021, e0085120.
Schlundt, C., Mark Welch, J.L., Knochel, A.M., Zettler, E.R., Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Spatial structure in the ‘Plastisphere’: molecular resources for imaging microscopic communities on plastic marine debris. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 20 (2020), 620–634.
Scribani Rossi, C., Barrientos-Moreno, L., Paone, A., Cutruzzolà, F., Paiardini, A., Espinosa-Urgel, M., Rinaldo, S., Nutrient sensing and biofilm modulation: the example of L-arginine in Pseudomonas. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23, 2022.
Smith, S.G.J., Mahon, V., Lambert, M.A., Fagan, R.P., A molecular Swiss army knife: OmpA structure, function and expression. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 273 (2007), 1–11.
Tay, P.K.R., Nguyen, P.Q., Joshi, N.S., A synthetic Circuit for Mercury bioremediation using Self-Assembling functional Amyloids. ACS Synth. Biol. 6 (2017), 1841–1850.
Tuan, N.N., Chang, Y.-C., Yu, C.-P., Huang, S.-L., Multiple approaches to characterize the microbial community in a thermophilic anaerobic digester running on swine manure: a case study. Microbiol. Res. 169 (2014), 717–724.
Viale, A.M., Evans, B.A., Microevolution in the major outer membrane protein OmpA of Acinetobacter baumannii. Microb. Genom., 6, 2020, 10.1099/mgen.0.000381.
Vila-Farrés, X., Parra-Millán, R., Sánchez-Encinales, V., Varese, M., Ayerbe-Algaba, R., Bayó, N., Guardiola, S., Pachón-Ibáñez, M.E., Kotev, M., García, J., Teixidó, M., Vila, J., Pachón, J., Giralt, E., Smani, Y., Combating virulence of Gram-negative bacilli by OmpA inhibition. Sci. Rep., 7, 2017, 14683.
Wallbank, J.A., Lear, G., Kingsbury, J.M., Weaver, L., Doake, F., Smith, D.A., Audrézet, F., Maday, S.D.M., Gambarini, V., Donaldson, L., Theobald, B., Barbier, M., Pantos, O., Into the plastisphere, where only the generalists thrive: early insights in plastisphere microbial community succession. Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 2022.
Walters, W., Hyde, E.R., Berg-Lyons, D., Ackermann, G., Humphrey, G., Parada, A., Gilbert, J.A., Jansson, J.K., Caporaso, J.G., Fuhrman, J.A., Apprill, A., Knight, R., Improved bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V4 and V4-5) and Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer marker gene primers for microbial community surveys. mSystems, 1(10), 2016, 1128.
Wang, F., Men, X., Zhang, G., Liang, K., Xin, Y., Wang, J., Li, A., Zhang, H., Liu, H., Wu, L., Assessment of 16S rRNA gene primers for studying bacterial community structure and function of aging flue-cured tobaccos. Amb. Express, 8, 2018, 182.
Wang, T., Wang, L., Chen, Q., Kalogerakis, N., Ji, R., Ma, Y., Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants: Effects on toxicity, bioaccumulation, degradation, and transport. Sci. Total Environ., 748, 2020, 142427.
Werner, J., Géron, A., Kerssemakers, J., Matallana-Surget, S., mPies: a novel metaproteomics tool for the creation of relevant protein databases and automatized protein annotation. Biol. Direct, 14, 2019, 21.
Wright, R.J., Bosch, R., Gibson, M.I., Christie-Oleza, J.A., Plasticizer degradation by marine bacterial isolates: a Proteogenomic and Metabolomic Characterization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 54 (2020), 2244–2256.
Wright, R.J., Bosch, R., Langille, M.G.I., Gibson, M.I., Christie-Oleza, J.A., A multi-OMIC characterisation of biodegradation and microbial community succession within the PET plastisphere. Microbiome, 9, 2021, 141.
Wright, R.J., Langille, M.G.I., Walker, T.R., Food or just a free ride? A meta-analysis reveals the global diversity of the Plastisphere. ISME J. 15 (2021), 789–806.
Zettler, E.R., Mincer, T.J., Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Life in the “plastisphere”: microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013), 7137–7146.
Zhang, X., Li, L., Mayne, J., Ning, Z., Stintzi, A., Figeys, D., Assessing the impact of protein extraction methods for human gut metaproteomics. J. Proteomics 180 (2018), 120–127.
Zhu, K., Jia, H., Zhao, S., Xia, T., Guo, X., Wang, T., Zhu, L., Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on microplastics under Light Irradiation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (2019), 8177–8186.
