carbon fibers; composites; covalent adaptable networks; depolymerization; life cycle assessment; natural fibers; non-isocyanate polyurethanes; American Chemical Society; Composite applications; Covalent adaptable network; Environmental benefits; Epoxy; Epoxy matrices; Network-based; Nonisocyanate polyurethane; Polyhydroxyurethane; Synergetics; Chemistry (all); Environmental Chemistry; Chemical Engineering (all); Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Abstract :
[en] Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) and CO2-derived polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) are often deemed as sustainable alternatives to conventional thermosets, particularly for composites made with epoxy (EP) matrices. However, the sustainability of CAN-based composites has never been assessed, nor has that of thermoset PHUs. Herein, we perform a life cycle assessment of PHUs, synergetic hybrid EP-PHU CANs, and EP in composite applications with either carbon or natural fibers (NFs) in order to address their syntheses, processes, and recycling. We demonstrate that producing cyclic carbonate monomers from epoxy and supercritical CO2 could be advantageous. PHUs provide potential environmental benefits to epoxy, but they are significantly limited by the energy inputs required for curing. Inversely, synergetic EP-PHU demonstrates noticeable environmental gain compared to EP and PHU-based composites and offers ideal recycling pathways. The chemical recovery of carbon fibers by oxidative depolymerization shows substantial benefits compared with virgin material production. When using NFs, mechanical recycling of CAN-based matrices is more suited due to the impacts of chemical recycling compared to virgin NF production, highlighting that the viability of a strategy strongly depends on raw materials and cannot be generalized easily. Strategies to further enhance the sustainability of composites are also proposed and discussed.
Research center :
CIRMAP - Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en Matériaux Polymères
Disciplines :
Materials science & engineering
Author, co-author :
Seychal, Guillem ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites ; Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Bron, Pauline; Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Talon, Olivier; Materia Nova, Belgium
Aramburu, Nora; Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Raquez, Jean-Marie ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites ; WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Can Polyhydroxyurethane-Derived Covalent Adaptable Networks Provide Environmental Benefits in Composite Applications?
R400 - Institut de Recherche en Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux
Funders :
H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique
Funding text :
The authors would like to thank the NIPU-EJD project for its financial support. This project received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 955700. J.-M.R. is a F.R.S.-FNRS Research Director and a WEL-T principal investigator, and thanks F.R.S.-FNRS for funding.
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