TiO2; face masks; human health; inhalation exposure; nanoparticles; Toxicology; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis; Chemical Health and Safety
Abstract :
[en] The use of face masks has proven to be an effective preventive measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, concerns have emerged regarding the safety of metal (nano)particles incorporated into face masks for antimicrobial purposes. Specifically, this review examines the risks associated with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), which are classified as a possible human carcinogen. The inhalation of TiO2 NPs can cause multiple adverse effects, including oxidative stress, pulmonary inflammation, histopathological changes, and (secondary) genotoxicity. Different aspects are discussed, such as the composition and filtration efficiency of face masks, the antimicrobial mode of action and effectiveness of various metals, and the hazards of TiO2 NPs to human health, including exposure limits. A conservative risk assessment was conducted using different worst-case scenarios of potential (sub)chronic TiO2 exposure, derived from published leaching experiments. Most face masks are considered safe, especially for occasional or single use. However, the nanosafety of a minority of face masks on the European market may be inadequate for prolonged and intensive use. Important uncertainties remain, including the risks of combined exposure to TiO2 NPs and silver biocides, and the lack of direct exposure measurements. Considering the potential safety issues and the limited added protective value of TiO2 NPs, it is recommended to ban all applications of TiO2 in face masks based on the precautionary principle.
Research center :
CIRMAP - Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en Matériaux Polymères
Disciplines :
Materials science & engineering
Author, co-author :
Everaert, Stijn ; Chemical Environmental Factors Group, Superior Health Council, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
Godderis, Lode ; Center for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; IDEWE, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
RAQUEZ, Jean-Marie ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites
Schoeters, Greet ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
Spanoghe, Pieter ; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Moens, Jonas ; Belgian Poison Centre, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
Hens, Luc; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek, 2400 Mol, Belgium
Michel, Olivier ; Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Adang, Dirk; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
R400 - Institut de Recherche en Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux
Funders :
Belgian Superior Health Council (Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment)
Funding text :
This article was written as part of a scientific advisory project of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC). All authors were members of the ad hoc working group and sincerely thank the other members for their collaboration: Philippe Castelain (Sciensano), C\u00E9dric Delporte (ULB), Herman Devriese (UZ Leuven), Lieva Van Langenhove (UGent). Philippe Dehaut (SHC) is thanked for preparing the first illustration. Stijn Boodts (SHC) is thanked for his stimulating cooperation in the Chemical Environmental Factors group. We thank former Belgian Environment Minister Zakia Khattabi and Eveline DeCoster for their request for advice. Their question forms the basis of project SHC 9765 and this manuscript. Finally, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions.
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