Mutombo, C.S., Bakari, S.A., Ntabaza, V.N., Nachtergael, A., Lumbu, J.B.S., Duez, P., Kahumba, J.B., Perceptions and use of traditional African medicine in Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga province (DR Congo): a cross-sectional study. PLoS. One, 17, 2022, 0276325, 10.1371/journal.pone.0276325.
World Health Organization (WHO), WHO Traditional Medicine strategy: 2014-2023, World Health Organization, 2013. who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241506096, Accessed June 25, 2025.
Comité international de bioéthique. Rapport du CIB sur les systèmes de la médecine traditionnelle et leurs implications éthiques (document de programme et de réunion No. SHS/EGC/IBC-19/12/3 REV.). 2012, UNESCO, Paris, France.
Sackett, D.L., Evidence-based medicine. What it is and what it isn't. Br. Med. J., 321, 1996, 71.
Fricker, M., Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, 2007, Oxford University Press, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001.
Boumediene, S., La colonisation du savoir. Une histoire des plantes médicinales du « Nouveau Monde ». 2016, 1492–1750 ⟨halshs-01999007⟩.
James, W., Pragmatism : A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. Longmans, 1907, Green, and co., New York.
Stengers, I., Cosmopolitiques. 2022, Empêcheurs de penser en rond.
Bartlett, C., Marshall, M., Marshall, A., Two-eyed seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. J. Environ. Stud. Sci. 2 (2012), 331–340, 10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8.
Tringale, M., Stephen, G., Boylan, A.M., Heneghan, C., Integrating patient values and preferences in healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMJ Open., 12(11), 2022, e067268, 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067268.
Timmermans, S., Berg, M., The Gold standard: the Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2010, Temple University Press https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9430.
Eichler, H.G., Abadie, E., Breckenridge, A., Bridging the efficacy–effectiveness gap: a regulator's perspective on addressing variability of drug response. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 10 (2011), 495–506, 10.1038/nrd3501.
Misu, T., Kortepeter, C.M., Muñoz, M.A., Wu, E., Dal Pan, G.J., An evaluation of “Drug Ineffective” postmarketing reports in drug safety surveillance. Drugs-real world outcomes 5 (2018), 91–99, 10.1007/s40801-018-0131-3.
Friesen, P., Mesmer, the placebo effect, and the efficacy paradox: lessons for evidence-based medicine and complementary and alternative medicine. Crit. Public Health 29 (2019), 435–447, 10.1080/09581596.2019.1597967.
Vogenberg, F.R., Isaacson Barash, C., Pursel, M., Pers. Med., P T 35 (2010), 560–576.
Wang, M., Wang, Z., Zhou, J., Sun, W., Wang, Y., Han, M., Yang, H., Liu, W.J., Wang, Y., Effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in patients with diabetic kidney disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), 2018, 38, 10.1186/s13063-018-2749-6.
R. Guilloux, De L'exotique Au politique: La Réception De L'acupuncture Extrême-Orientale Dans Le Système De Santé Français (XVIIe-XXe Siècles), PhD thesis, Lyon 2, (2006).
Cochrane Qualitative & Implementation Methods Group & Campbell Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Working Group. Cochrane-Campbell Handbook for Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Cochrane, 2026 https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/cochrane-campbell-handbook-qualitative-evidence-synthesis.
Brosnan, C., Vuolanto, P., Danell, J.A.B., Introduction: reconceptualising complementary and alternative medicine as knowledge production and social transformation. Brosnan, C., Vuolanto, P., Danell, JA., (eds.) Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Health, Technology and Society, 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Long, A.F., Outcome measurement in complementary and alternative medicine: unpicking the effects. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 8 (2002), 777–786, 10.1089/10755530260511793.
Fürst, R., Zündorf, I., Evidence-based phytotherapy in Europe: where do we stand?. Planta Med. 81 (2015), 962–967.
Bode, M., PayyaPPalliMana, U., Evidence based traditional medicine: for whom and to what end?. eJ. Indian Med. 6:1 (2013), 1–20.
Furst, D.E., Venkatraman, M.M., Swamy, B.K., McGann, M., Booth-LaForce, C., Manohar, P.R., Sarin, R., Mahapatra, A., Kumar, P.K., Well controlled, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of classical ayurvedic treatment are possible in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70:2 (2011), 392–393, 10.1136/ard.2010.136226.
Patsopoulos, N.A., A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials. Dialogues. Clin. Neurosci. 13:2 (2011), 217–224, 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/npatsopoulos.
Pallmann, P., Bedding, A.W., Choodari-Oskooei, B., Dimairo, M., Flight, L., Hampson, L.V., Holmes, J., Mander, A.P., Odondi, L., Sydes, M.R., Villar, S.S., Wason, J.M.S., Weir, C.J., Wheeler, G.M., Yap, C., Jaki, T., Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them. BMC Med., 16(1), 2018, 29, 10.1186/s12916-018-1017-7.
Ijaz, N., What is traditional, complementary and integrative medicine: an operational typology. Available at SSRN, 2024 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4564463.
Efferth, T., Banerjee, M., Abu-Darwish, M.S., Abdelfatah, S., Böckers, M., Bhakta-Guha, D., Bolzani, V., Daak, S., Demirezer, Ö.L., Dawood, M., Efferth, M., El-Seedi, H.R., Fischer, N., Greten, H.J., Hamdoun, S., Hong, C., Horneber, M., Kadioglu, O., Khalid, H.E., Khalid, S.A., Paul, N.W., Biopiracy versus one-World medicine-from colonial relicts to global collaborative concepts. Phytomedicine 53 (2019), 319–331, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.007.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J. Nat. Prod. 83 (2020), 770–803, 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285.
Dörr, D., Biopiracy and the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples. Phytomedicine 53 (2019), 308–312, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.019.
Hayden, C., When nature goes public: the making and unmaking of bioprospecting in Mexico. When nature goes public: the making and unmaking of bioprospecting in Mexico, When Nature Goes Public. Princeton University Press. (2003) Hayden: When nature goes public: The making and unmaking. - Google Scholar, 2003, Princeton University Press.
Heinrich, M., Hesketh, A., 25 years after the `Rio Convention'–lessons learned in the context of sustainable development and protecting indigenous and local knowledge. Phytomed.: int. j. phytother. phytopharm. 53 (2019), 332–343, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.061.
Rabitz, F., Biopiracy after the Nagoya Protocol: problem structure, regime design and implementation challenges. Braz. Polit. Sci. Rev. 9 (2015), 30–53, 10.1590/1981-38212014000200010.
G. Bachelard, The Formation of the Scientific Mind: A Contribution to a Psychoanalysis of Objective Knowledge, Clinamen Press, Paris, France, (1938). G. Bachelard, in: Gallimard (Ed.), The Formation. - Google Scholar.
Fournier, C., Oakley, R., Conversions and erasures: colonial ontologies in Canadian and international traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine integration policies. Brosnan, C., Vuolanto, P., Danell, JA., (eds.) Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Health, Technology and Society, 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Crane, J., Unequal “partners”: AIDS, academia, and the rise of global health. Behemoth: J. Civilis. 3:3 (2010), 78–97.
Kumar, R., Khosla, R., McCoy, D., Decolonising global health research: shifting power for transformative change. PLOS. Glob. Public Health, 4(4), 2024, e0003141, 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003141.
WHO, T.E.A.M., WHO traditional medicine global summit 2023 meeting report: gujarat declaration. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 14, 2023.
Verran, H., Science and an African Logic. 2001, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Pordié, L., Panser Le monde, Penser Les Médecines. 2005, Karthala Editions.
Fassin, D., Pouvoir Et Maladie En Afrique. Anthropologie sociale Dans La Banlieue De Dakar. 1992, PUF, Paris.
Pordié, L., Les nouveaux guérisseurs. Éditions EHESS, Paris. 2013.
Didier, P., Valorization of traditional medicine in Madagascar, place of traditional healers in medicinal plants’ research and training. Autrepart 81:1 (2017), 159–172, 10.3917/autr.081.0159.
Mutombo, C.S., Bakari, S.A., Ntabaza, V.N., Nachtergael, A., Lumbu, J.B.S., Duez, P., Kahumba, J.B., A cross-sectional study of mutual perceptions between conventional and traditional caregivers in Lubumbashi: a step towards integrative medicine. Eur. J. Integr. Med., 2025, 102480, 10.1016/j.eujim.2025.102480.
Latour, B., An Inquiry into Modes of Existence. An Anthropology of the Moderns. 2013, Harvard University Press.
Solhdju, K., 2023. L'Attachement de William James à l’âme des sciences. Pour Un Autre « sens Dramatique Des Probabilités De La nature », in: Stengers, I., Debaise, D. (Eds.), Au risque des effets. Paris, France.
Sinclaire, M., Schultz, A., Linton, J., McGibbon, E., Etuaptmumk (Two-Eyed Seeing) and Ethical space: ways to disrupt health researchers’ Colonial attraction to a singular biomedical worldview. Witn.: Can. J. Crit. Nurs. Discourse 3:1 (2021), 57–72, 10.25071/2291-5796.94.
Hollenberg, D., Muzzin, L., Epistemological challenges to integrative medicine: an anti-colonial perspective on the combination of complementary/alternative medicine with biomedicine. Health Sociol. Rev. 19:1 (2010), 34–56, 10.5172/hesr.2010.19.1.034.
Ijaz, N., Hunter, J., Grant, S., Templeman, K., Protocol for a scoping review of traditional medicine research methods, methodologies, frameworks and strategies. Front. Med., 10(11), 2024, 1409392, 10.3389/fmed.2024.1409392.
Ijaz, N., Rioux, J., Elder, C., Weeks, J., Whole systems research Methods in Health care: a scoping review. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 25:S1 (2019), S21–S51, 10.1089/acm.2018.0499.
