[en] p-Conjugated polymers are central ingredients in the development of organic electronics and it is well-known that the degree of order in thin films of those materials is a major factor governing the performances of the devices (field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells). In this review, we present some approaches for the control of the molecular assembly of conjugated polymers into well-defined nanostructures. We consider self-assembly leading to thin deposits from compounds molecularly dispersed in a solution and we focus on the relationship between the supramolecular interactions between the individual p-conjugated molecules/polymers and the microscopic morphology appearing upon aggregation. We describe approaches to control the self-assembly of conjugated systems in the solid-state via (i) the interactions with the substrate surface; (ii) the design of a well-defined molecular structure; and (iii) the use of block-copolymers comprising conjugated and non-conjugated blocks. To understand how supramolecular interactions influence the microscopic morphology, we developed a joint experimental-theoretical approach, combining scanning probe microscopy characterization of thin deposits and force-field molecular modeling of supramolecular aggregates and adsorbates. With this methodology, a strong correlation is established between the polymer molecular structure, the degree of supramolecular order, and the solid-state photoluminescence properties (for light-emitting applications), or the charge transport properties (for the design of field-effect transistors). Since the construction of small-size devices requires that the spatial growth of the thin deposits be perfectly controlled, we illustrate in the last section of the paper how soft lithographic methods and nanorubbing can be used to orient the formation of the self-assembled conjugated nanostructures in a confined space.
Disciplines :
Chemistry Physics
Author, co-author :
Leclère, Philippe ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Chimie des matériaux nouveaux
Surin, Mathieu ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Chimie des matériaux nouveaux
Liu J., Tanaka T., Siluva K., Alivisatos A.P., and Fréchet J.M.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 6550
Crone B., Dodabalapur A., Gelperin A., Torsi L., Katz H.E., Lovinger A.J., and Bao Z. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 2229
Someya T., Katz H.E., Gelperin A., Lovinger A.J., and Dodabalapur A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 3079
Brown A.R., Pomp A., Hart C.M., and de Leeuw D.M. Science 270 (1995) 972
Crone B., Dodabalapur A., Lin Y.Y., Filas R.W., Bao Z., LaDuca A., Sarpeshkar R., Katz H.E., and Li W. Nature 403 (2000) 521
Drury C.J., Mutsaers C.M.J., Hart C.M., Matters M., and de Leeuw D.M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 108
Garnier F., Hajlaoui R., Yassar A., and Srivastava P. Science 265 (1994) 1684
Rogers J.A., Bao Z., Meier M., Dodabalapur A., Schueller O.J.A., and Whitesides G.M. Synth. Met. 115 (2000) 5
Rogers J.A., Bao Z., Baldwin K., Dodabalapur A., Crone B., Baju V.R., Kuck V., Katz H.E., Amundson K., Ewing J., and Drzaic P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 4835
Sirringhaus H., Kawase T., Friend R.H., Shimoda T., Inbasekaran M., Wu W., and Wu E.P. Science 290 (2000) 2123
Speakman S.P., Rozenburg G.G., Clay K.J., Milne W.I., Ille A., Gardner I.A., Bressler E., and Steinke J.H.G. Org. Electron. 2 (2001) 65
Viville P., Lazzaroni R., Brédas J.L., Moretti P., Samorì P., and Biscarini F. Adv. Mater. 10 (1998) 57
Biscarini F. In: Ratner B.B., and Tsukruk V.V. (Eds). Scanning Probe Microscopy of Polymers (1998), ACS Book, Washington, DC 163
Prato S., Floreano L., Cvetko D., DeRenzi V., Morgante A., Modesti S., Biscarini F., Taliani C., and Zamboni R. J. Phys. Chem. B 37 (1999) 7788
Wu Z.K., Wu S.X., Lu Z.H., and Liang Y.Q. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 251 (2002) 125
Marletta A., Castro F.A., Goncalves D., Oliveira O.N., Faria R.M., and Guimaraes F.E.G. Synth. Met. 121 (2001) 1447
Marletta A., Goncalves D., Oliveira O.N., Faria R.M., and Guimaraes F.E.G. Macromolecules 33 (2000) 5886
Cheung J.H., and Rubner M.F. Thin Solid Films 244 (1994) 990
Rikukawa M., and Rubner M.F. J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem. A31 (1994) 793
Piner R.D., Zhu J., Xu F., Hong S., and Mirkin C.A. Science 283 (1999) 661
Hong S., and Mirkin C.A. Science 288 (2000) 1808
Mirkin C.A., Hong S., and Demers L.M. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 (2001) 37
Lim J.-H., and Mirkin C.A. Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1474
Lüthi R., Schlittler R.R., Brugger J., Vettiger P., Welland M.E., and Gimzewski J.K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 1314
Mena-Osteritz E. Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 609
Mena-Osteritz E., Meyer A., Langeveld-Voss B.M.W., Janssen R.A.J., Meijer E.W., and Bauerle P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 2680
Salaneck W.R., Stafström S., and Brédas J.L. Conjugated Polymers Surfaces and Interfaces (1996), Cambridge University Press
Dinelli F., Murgia M., Levy P., Cavallini M., Biscarini F., and De Leeuw D.M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 116802
Horowitz G., Peng X.-Z., Fichou D., and Garnier F. Synth. Met. 51 (1992) 419
Wang G., Moses D., Heeger A.J., Zhang H.-M., Narasimhan M., and Demaray R.E. J. Appl. Phys. 95 (2004) 316
Zangh Y., Lu R., Liu Q., Song Y., Jiang L., Liu Y., Zhao Y., and Li T.J. Thin Solid Films 437 (2003) 150
See for example. Fichou D. Handbook of Oligo- and Polythiophenes (1999), Wiley-VCH
For oligothiophene assembly on different substrates, see:
Lang P., Ardhaoui M.E., Wittmann J.C., Dallas J.P., Horowitz G., Lotz B., Garnier F., and Strupe C. Synth. Met. 84 (1997) 605
Prato S., Floreano L., Cvetko D., De Renzi V., Morgante A., Modesti S., Biscarini F., Zamboni R., and Taliani C. J. Phys. Chem. B 103 (1999) 7788
Böhme O., Ziegler Ch., and Göpel W. Synth. Met. 67 (1994) 87
Chang P.C., Lee J., Huang D., Subramanian V., Murphy A.R., and Fréchet J.M.J. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 4783
For a review on the structural order of pentacene, see:. Ruiz R., Choudhary D., Nickel B., Toccoli T., Chang K.-C., Mayer A.C., Clancy P., Blakely J.M., Headrick R.L., Iannotta S., and Malliaras G.M. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 4497
Lovinger A.J., Davis D.D., Dodabalapur A., and Katz H.E. Chem. Mater. 8 (1996) 2836
Hotta S., and Waragai K. Adv. Mater. 5 (1993) 896
Katz H.E., Bao Z., and Gilat S. Acc. Chem. Res. 34 (2001) 359
Garnier F., Yassar A., Hajlaoui R., Horowitz G., Deloffre F., Servet B., Ries S., and Alnot P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993) 8716
Fichou D. J. Mater. Chem. 10 (2000) 571
Gesquière A., Abdel-Mottaleb M.M.S., De Feyter S., De Schryver F.C., Schoonbeek F.S., van Esch J.H., Kellog R.M., Feringa B.L., Calderone A., Lazzaroni R., and Brédas J.L. Langmuir 16 (2000) 10385
Stabel A., and Rabe J.P. Synth. Met. 67 (1994) 47
Azumi R., Götz G., Debaerdemaeker T., and Bäuerle P. Chem. Eur. J. 6 (2000) 735
Surin M., Leclère Ph., De Feyter S., Abdel-Mottaleb M.M.S., De Schryver F.C., Henze O., Feast W.J., and Lazzaroni R. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 7898
Leclère Ph., Surin M., Viville P., Lazzaroni R., Kilbinger A.F.M., Henze O., Feast W.J., Cavallini M., Biscarini F., Schenning A.P.H.J., and Meijer E.W. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 4452
Leclère Ph., Surin M., Lazzaroni R., Kilbinger A.F.M., Henze O., Jonkheijm P., Biscarini F., Cavallini M., Feast W.J., Meijer E.W., and Schenning A.P.H.J. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (2004) 1959
Barabási A.-L., and Stanley H.E. Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth (1995), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Grévin B., Rannou P., Payerne R., Pron A., and Travers J.P. J. Chem. Phys. 118 (2003) 7097
The average molecular weight is given as 〈Mn〉 = 25,500 g/mol and 〈Mw〉 = 37,680 g/mol, respectively, as determined using GPC with PS standards. This method introduces an overestimation of the molecular weight by a factor of two to three, due to the rigid nature of the conjugated chains, see, e.g., J. Liu, R.S. Loewe, R.D. McCullough, Macromolecules 32 (1999) 5777. See also the estimation of the contour length of RR-P3HT using STM experiments (Ref. [60]).
Yang H., Park S., Kim D., Oh K., Magonov S., Cho K., Chang T., Bao Z., and Ryu C.Y. Polym. Prepr. 44 (2003) 333
Yang H., Shin T.J., Yang L., Bao Z., Ryu C.Y., and Cho K. Polym. Prepr. 45 (2004) 212
Zen A., Pflaum J., Hirschmann S., Zhuang W., Jaiser F., Asawapirom U., Rabe J.P., Scherf U., and Neher D. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 (2004) 757
Merlo J.A., and Frisbie C.D. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 41 (2003) 2674
Merlo J.A., and Frisbie C.D. J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 19169
Kline R.J., McGehee M.D., Kadnikova E.N., Liu J., and Fréchet J.M.J. Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1519
Yang H., Shin T.J., Yang L., Cho K., Ryu C.Y., and Bao Z. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 (2005) 671
Samorì P., Francke V., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Thin Solid Films 336 (1998) 13
Samorì P., Francke V., Mangel T., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Opt. Mater. 9 (1998) 390
Samorì P., Francke V., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Chem. Eur. J. 5 (1999) 2312
Samorì P., Severin N., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 579
Samorì P., Sikharulidze I., Francke V., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Nanotechnology 10 (1999) 77
Meyers F., Heeger A.J., and Brédas J.L. J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 2750
Gustafsson-Carlberg J.C., Inganäs O., Andersson M.R., Booth C., Azens A., and Granqvist C.G. Electrochim. Acta 40 (1995) 2233
Ego C., Marsitzki D., Becker S., Zhang J., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., MacKenzie J.D., Silva C., and Friend R.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 437
Sonmez G., and Wudl F. J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 20
McCullough R.D. Adv. Mater. 10 (1998) 93
Chen T.-A., and Rieke R.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 10087
Sirringhaus H., Brown P.J., Friend R.H., Nielsen M.M., Bechgaard K., Langeveld-Voss B.M.W., Spiering A.J.H., Janssen R.A.J., Meijer E.W., Herwig P., and de Leeuw D.M. Nature 401 (1999) 685
Kobashi M., and Takeuchi H. Macromolecules 31 (1998) 7273
Meskers S.C.J., Peeters E., Langeveld-Voss B.M.W., and Janssen R.A.J. Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 589
Yashima E. Anal. Sci. (2002) 3
Nakano T., and Okamoto Y. Chem. Rev. 101 (2001) 4013
Kraft A., Grimsdale A.C., and Holmes A.B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 402
Kim D.Y., Cho H.N., and Kim C.Y. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25 (2000) 1089
Grem G., Leditzky G., Ullrich B., and Leising G. Adv. Mater. 4 (1992) 36
Grice A.W., Bradley D.D.C., Bernius M.T., Inbasekaran M., Wu W.W., and Woo E.P. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 629
Bernius M.T., Inbasekaran M., O'Brien J., and Wu W.S. Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1737
Klärner G., and Miller R.D. Macromolecules 31 (1998) 2007
Setayesh S., Marsitzky D., and Müllen K. Macromolecules 33 (2000) 2016
Scherf U., and Müllen K. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 12 (1991) 489
Huber J., Müllen K., Salbeck J., Schenk H., Scherf U., Stehlin T., and Stern R. Acta Polym. 45 (1994) 244
Inbasekaran M., Woo E., Wu W., Bernius M.T., and Wujkowski L. Synth. Met. 111-112 (2000) 397
For reviews on polyfluorenes, see:
Neher D. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 22 (2001) 1365
Leclerc M. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 39 (2001) 2867
Scherf U., and List E.W.J. Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 477
Pei Q., and Yang Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (1996) 7416
Klärner G., Lee J.-I., Chan E., Chen J.-P., Nelson A., Marckiewicz D., Siemens R., Scott J.C., and Miller R.D. Chem. Mater. 11 (1999) 1800
Setayesh S., Grimsdale A.C., Weil T., Enkelmann V., Müllen K., Meghdadi F., List E.J.W., and Leising G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 946
Miteva T., Meisel A., Knoll W., Nothofer H.G., Scherf U., Müller D.C., Meerholz K., Yasuda A., and Neher D. Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 565
Ego C., Grimsdale A.C., Uckert F., Yu G., Srdanov G., and Müllen K. Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 809
Grell M., Knoll W., Lupo D., Meisel A., Miteva T., Neher D., Nothofer H.G., Scherf U., and Yasuda A. Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 671
Teetsov J.A., and Vanden Bout D.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 3605
Teetsov J.A., and Vanden Bout D.A. Langmuir 18 (2002) 897
Teetsov J.A., and Vanden Bout D.A. J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 9378
Chen S.H., Chou H.L., Su A.C., and Chen S.A. Macromolecules 37 (2004) 6833
High molecular weight PDOF exhibits a melting transition at 156 °C above which anematic form exists up to 275 °C (the isotropisation temperature); see S.H. Chen, A.C. Su, C.H. Su, S.A. Chen, Macromolecules 38 (2005) 379.
Liao L.S., Fung M.K., Lee M.S., Lee S.T., Inbasekaran M., Woo E.P., and Wu W.W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 3582
Hong S.Y., Kim D.Y., Kim C.Y., and Hoffmann R. Macromolecules 34 (2001) 6474
Kreyenschmidt M., Klärner G., Fuhrer T., Ashenhurst J., Karg S., Chen W.D., Lee V.Y., Scott J.C., and Miller R.D. Macromolecules 31 (1998) 1099
Hayer A., Khan A.L.T., Friend R.H., and Köhler A. Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 241302
Khan A.L.T., Sreearunothai P., Herz L.M., Banach M.J., and Köhler A. Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 85201
Zojer E., Pogantsch A., Hennebicq E., Beljonne D., Brédas J.L., Scandiucci de Freitas P., Scherf U., and List E.J.W. J. Chem. Phys. 117 (2002) 6794
List E.J.W., Guentner R., Scandiucci de Freitas P., and Scherf U. Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 373
Romaner L., Pogantsch A., Scandiucci de Freitas P., Scherf U., Gaal M., Zojer E., and List E.J.W. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) 597
Surin M., Hennebicq E., Ego C., Marsitzky D., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., Brédas J.L., Lazzaroni R., and Leclère Ph. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 994
Grimsdale A.C., Leclère Ph., Lazzaroni R., Mackenzie J.D., Murphy C., Setayesh S., Silva C., Friend R.H., and Müllen K. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12 (2002) 729
Gong X., Iyer P.K., Moses D., Bazan G.C., Heeger A.J., and Xiao S.S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) 325
Donat-Bouillut A., Lévesque I., Tao Y., D'Ioro M., Beaupré S., Blondin P., Ranger M., Bouchard J., and Leclerc M. Chem. Mater. 12 (2000) 1931
Ego C., Marsitzky D., Becker S., Zhang J., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., MacKenzie J.D., Silva C., and Friend R.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 437
Redecker M., Bradley D.D.C., Inbasekaran M., Wu W.W., and Woo E.P. Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 241
Song S.-Y., Jang M.S., Shim H.-K., Hwang D.-H., and Zyung T. Macromolecules 32 (1999) 1482
Lu H.-F., Chan H.S.D.O., and Ng S.-C. Macromolecules 36 (2003) 1543
Sonar P., Zhang J., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., Surin M., Lazzaroni R., Leclère Ph., Tierney S., Heeney M., and McCulloch I. Macromolecules 37 (2004) 709
Marco A., Rispens M.T., van Duren J.K.J., Hummelen J.C., and Janssen R.A.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 6714
van Mullekom H.A.M., Vekemans J.A.J.M., Havinga E.E., and Meijer E.W. Mater. Sci. Eng. 32 (2001) 1
Katz H.E., Bao Z., and Gilat S.L. Acc. Chem. Res. 34 (2001) 359
Hong X.M., Katz H.E., Lovinger A.J., Wang B.C., and Raghavachari K. Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 4686
Meng H., Bao Z., Lovinger A.J., Wang B., and Mujsce A.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 9214
Hong X.M., Katz H.E., Lovinger A.J., Wang B.-C., and Raghavachari K. Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 4686
Mushrush M., Fachetti A., Lefenfeld M., Katz H.E., and Marks T.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 9414
Meng H., Zheng J., Lovinger A.J., Wang B.-C., Van Patten P.G., and Bao Z. Chem. Mater. 15 (2003) 1778
Sirringhaus H., Wilson R.J., Friend R.H., Inbasekaran M., Wu W.W., Woo E.P., Grell M., and Bradley D.D.C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 406
Sirringhaus H., Kawase T., Friend R.H., Shimoda T., Inbasekaran M., Wu W.W., and Woo E.P. Science 290 (2000) 2123
Liu B., Yu W.L., Lai Y.H., and Huang W. Macromolecules 33 (2000) 8945
Lim E., Jung B.J., and Shim H.K. Macromolecules 36 (2003) 4288
Pasini M., Destri S., Porzio W., Botta C., and Giovanella U. J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003) 807
Surin M., Sonar P., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., Lazzaroni R., and Leclère Ph. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 (2005) 1426
P. Sonar, A.C. Grimsdale, K. Müllen, M. Surin, R. Lazzaroni, Ph. Leclère, J. Pinto, L.-L. Chua, H. Sirringhaus, R.H. Friend, submitted for publication.
Donley C.L., Zaumseil J., Andreasen J.W., Nielsen M.M., Sirringhaus H., Friend R.H., and Kim J.-S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 12890
Arias A.C., Corcoran N., Banach M.J., Friend R.H., MacKenzie J.D., and Huck W.T.S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 1695
Corcoran N., Arias A.C., Kim J.S., MacKenzie J.D., and Friend R.H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 299
Halls J.J.M., Arias A.C., MacKenzie J.D., Wu W.W., Inbasekaran M., Woo E.P., and Friend R.H. Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 498
Cacialli F., Wilson J.S., Michels J.J., Daniel C., Silva C., Friend R.H., Severin N., Samorì P., Rabe J.P., O'Connel M.J., Taylor P.N., and Anderson H.L. Nat. Mater. 1 (2002) 160
Gierschner J., Luer L., Oelkrug D., Musluoglu E., Behnisch B., and Hanack M. Synth. Met. 121 (2001) 1695
Gierschner J., Egelhaaf H.J., Mack H.G., Oelkrug D., Alvarez R.M., and Hanack M. Synth. Met. 137 (2003) 1449
Tubino R., Fois E., Gamba A., Macchi G., Meinardi F., and Minoia A. In: Gamba A., Collela C., and Collucia S. (Eds). Oxide Based Materials. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis vol. 155 (2005), Elsevier 501
Calzaferri G., Huber S., Maas H., and Minkowski C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 3732
Klok H.A., and Lecommandoux S. Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1217
Li W.J., Maddux T., and Yu L.P. Macromolecules 29 (1996) 7329
Liu J.S., Sheina E., Kowalewski T., and McCullough R.D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 329
Wang H.B., Wang H.H., Urban V.S., Littrell K.C., Thiyagarajan P., and Yu L.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 6855
Francke V., Räder H.-J., Geerts Y., and Müllen K. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 19 (1998) 275
Marsitzky D., Brand T., Geerts Y., Klapper M., and Müllen K. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 19 (1998) 385
Bustamante C., and Keller D. Phys. Today 48 (1995) 32
Samorì P., Vrancke V., Mangel T., Müllen K., and Rabe J.P. Opt. Mater. 9 (1998) 390
Brunsveld L., Meijer E.W., Prince R.B., and Moore J.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 7978
Lahiri S., Thompson J.L., and Moore J.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 11315
Surin M., Marsitzky D., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., Lazzaroni R., and Leclère Ph. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 (2004) 708
Ryu J.-H., Oh N.-K., Zin W.-C., and Lee M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 3551
To calculate the average volume ratio of the different blocks in the copolymer, we consider density values of 1.13 g/cm3 and 0.996 g/cm3 for PEO and PF, respectively. The latter comes from crystallographic data given by: G. Lieser, M. Oda, T. Miteva, A. Meisel, H.-G. Nothofer, U. Scherf, D. Neher, Macromolecules 33 (2000) 4490 (for poly(9,9′-di(9,9′-2-ethylhexyl)fluorene, with the same number of carbon units in the substituents than poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene)).
In the case of (EO)45-(F)20-(EO)45, the polydispersity D of PF and PEO blocks are 1.61 and 1.06, respectively. In the case of (EO)116-(F)29-(EO)116 and (F)29-(EO)116, D of PF and PEO are 1.79 and 1.06, respectively. For (EO)640-(F)9-(EO)640 (〈Mn〉 = 28200-2900-28200), D = 1.15.
Yu K., and Eisenberg A. Macromolecules 31 (1998) 3509
Dai L.M., and Toprakcioglu C. Macromolecules 25 (1992) 6000
Grell M., Bradley D.D.C., Long X., Chamberlain T., Inbasekaran M., Woo E.P., and Soliman M. Acta Polym. 49 (1998) 439
Brandrup J., Immergut E.H., and Grulke E. A Polymer Handbook. fourth ed. (1999), Wiley-Interscience (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Ferreiro V., Douglas J.F., Warren J.A., and Karim A. Phys. Rev. E 65 (2002) 042802
Sayre C.N., and Collard D.M. J. Mater. Chem. 7 (1997) 909
Yu J., and Holdcroft S. Chem. Mater. 14 (2002) 3705
Clemonson P.I., Feast W.J., Ahmad M.M., Allen P.C., Bott D.C., Brown C.S., and Connors L.M. Polymer 33 (1992) 4711
Dai L., Griesser J., Hong X., Mau A.W.H., Spurling T.H., Yang Y., and White J.W. Macromolecules 29 (1996) 282
S. Taguchi, T. Tanaka, European Patent Appl. EP 261,991 (1988).
Venugopal G., Quan X., Johnson G.E., Houlihan F.M., Chin E., and Nalamasu O. Chem. Mater. 7 (1995) 271
Gigli G., Rinaldi R., Turco C., Visconti P., Cingolani R., and Cacialli F. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 3926
Li H., Kang D.-J., Blamire M.G., and Huck W.T.S. Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 347
Wang J., Sun X., Chen L., and Chou S.Y. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2767
Cedeño C.C., Seekamp J., Kam A.P., Hoffmann T., Zankovych S., Sotomayor Torres C.M., Menozzi C., Cavallini M., Murgia M., Ruani G., Biscarini F., Behl M., Zentel R., and Ahopelto J. J. Microelectron. Eng. 61 (2002) 25
Collier C.P., Wong E.W., Belohradsky M., Raymo F.M., Stoddart J.F., Kuekes P.J., Williams R.S., and Heath J.R. Science 285 (1999) 391
Chua L.L., Zaumseil J., Chang J.F., Ou E.C.W., Ho P.K.H., Sirringhaus H., and Friend R.H. Nature 434 (2005) 194
Leclère Ph., Surin M., Henze O., Jonkheijm P., Biscarini F., Cavallini M., Feast W.J., Kilbinger A.F.M., Lazzaroni R., Meijer E.W., and Schenning A.P.H.J. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (2004) 1959
Cavallini M., Biscarini F., Gomez-Segura J., Ruiz D., and Veciana J. Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 1527
Cavallini M., Stoliar P., Moulin J.-F., Surin M., Leclère Ph., Lazzaroni R., Werner Breiby D., Wenzel Andreasen J., Nielsen M.M., Sonar P., Grimsdale A.C., Müllen K., and Biscarini F. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 2422
M. Surin, P. Sonar, A.C. Grimsdale, K. Müllen, S. De Feyter, S. Habuchi, S. Sarzi, E. Braeken, A. Ver Heyen, M. Van der Auweraer, F.C. De Schryver, M. Cavallini, J.F. Moulin, F. Biscarini, R. Lazzaroni, Ph. Leclère, J. Mater. Chem. 2007, doi:10.1039/b610132a.
Surin M., Cho S., Yuen J.D., Wang G., Lee K., Leclère Ph., Lazzaroni R., Moses D., and Heeger A.J. J. Appl. Phys. 100 (2006) 033712
Knipp D., Street R.A., Völkel A., and Ho J. J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 347
Van de Craats A.M., Stutzmann N., Bunk O., Nielsen M.M., Watson M., Müllen K., Chanzy H.D., Sirringhaus H., and Friend R.H. Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 495