Agro-ecosystem; Bee; Climate; Morocco; Phylogenetic distance; Ecology; Animal Science and Zoology; Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract :
[en] Global food security is heavily reliant on crop pollination. However, evidence on pollinator decline has been reported in all continents. Globally affordable conservation strategies need to be developed, as high-cost measures like European agri-environment schemes are not scalable in all countries. Here, we test, if a low-cost conservation approach named “Farming with Alternative Pollinators” (FAP) can benefit wild pollinator abundance and richness in agro-ecosystems and in crops, through establishment of marketable habitat enhancement plants (MHEP). The study was carried out in four Moroccan agro-climatic regions, during two years, using 6 main crops (pumpkin, zucchini, faba bean, tomato, eggplant and apple) and 201 sites. Additionally, we investigated how crop type, crop-MHEP composition (i.e. phylogenetic distances among crop and MHEP) and local climate can drive the success of the approach in comparison to monocultural fields. Based on 7097 recorded specimens, our results show that the wild pollinators of the entire FAP fields (i.e. 75% main crop and 25% MHEP) were significantly more abundant and species-rich than those of control fields (i.e. 100% main crop). Considering the main crop wild pollinators, FAP did not display any significant effect either on wild pollinator abundance or on pollinator richness. The mean phylogenetic distance between the main crop and MHEP, and climatic variables were not correlated with increase in wild pollinator abundance and richness in FAP fields. The crop type was found to influence the effect of the FAP approach. Our study provides strong evidence that FAP constitutes a relevant method for wild pollinator conservation in agro-ecosystems. Further research on additional environmental factors is necessary to outline the circumstances under which the FAP approach can positively affect wild pollinator communities.
Disciplines :
Entomology & pest control
Author, co-author :
Sentil, Ahlam ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Lhomme, Patrick ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Reverté, Sara; University of Mons, Research institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
El Abdouni, Insafe ; University of Mons, Research institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Hamroud, Laila ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Ihsane, Oumayma ; University of Mons, Research institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Bencharki, Youssef ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
Rollin, Orianne ; Centre apicole de recherche et d'information, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Rasmont, Pierre ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Smaili, Moulay Chrif; National Institute of Agricultural Research, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Kenitra, Laboratory of Entomology, Kenitra, Morocco
Michez, Denis ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Ssymank, Axel; German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, BfN), Bonn, Germany
Christmann, Stefanie ; International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
This study is mainly funded by The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), within the International Climate Initiative (IKI). AS and LH received a PhD grant from ICARDA/IKI (Rabat) and UMons. IEA has been granted by ICARDA/IKI (Rabat) and ARES (Belgium), OI has been granted by ICARDA/IKI. DM and SR were supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS, Belgium)/FWO joint program \u201CEOS \u2013 Excellence of Science\u201D under the project \u201CCliPS: Climate change and its effects on Pollination Services\u201D (project 30947854).
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