Aiger, D., and G., Cain. 1977. “ Statistical Theories of Discrimination in the Labor Market.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30 (2): 175–187. doi: 10.1177/001979397703000204.
Aleksynska, M., and A., Tritah. 2013. “ Occupation-education Mismatch of Immigrant Workers in Europe: Context and Policies.” Economics of Education Review 36229–244. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.06.001.
Biagi, F., S., Grubanov-Boskovic, and J., Mazza. 2019. “ Over-education among Immigrants? Evidence from the EU.” JCR technical Report, European Commission.
Byrne, D., and S., McGuinness. 2014. “ Examining the Relationships between Labour Market Mismatches, Earnings and Job Satisfaction among Immigrant Graduates in Europe.” ESRI Working Paper No. 484.
Carrington, W., K., McCue, and P., Brooks. 2000. “ Using Establishment Size to Measure the Impact of Title VII and Affirmative Action.” Journal of Human Resources 35 (3): 503–523. doi: 10.2307/146390.
Chiswick, B., and P., Miller. 2009a. “ The International Transferability of Immigrants’ Human Capital.” Economics of Education Review 28 (2): 162–169. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.07.002.
Chiswick, B., and P., Miller. 2009b. “ Educational Mismatch: Are High-skilled Immigrants Really Working at High-skilled Jobs and the Price They Pay if They Aren’t ? ” IZA Discussion Paper No. 4280.
Conseil supérieur de l’emploi. 2018. Rapport 2018: Les immigrés nés en dehors de l’Union européenne sur le marché du travail en Belgique. Bruxelles: Conseil supérieur de l’emploi.
Corluy, V., I., Marx, and G., Verbist. 2011. “ Employment Chances and Changes of Immigrants in Belgium: The Impact of Citizenship.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52 (4): 350–368. doi: 10.1177/0020715211412112.
Dell’Aringa, C., and C., Lucifora. 1994. “ Wage Dispersion and Unionism: Do Unions Protect Low Pay? ” International Journal of Manpower 15 (2–3):.150–169. doi: 10.1108/01437729410059413.
Dell’Aringa, C., and L., Pagani. 2011. “ Labour Market Assimilation and Over-education: The Case of Immigrant Workers in Italy.” Economia Politica 28 (2): 219–240.
Duncan, G. J., and S. D., Hoffman. 1981. “ The Incidence and Wage Effects of Overeducation.” Economics of Education Review 1 (1): 75–86. doi: 10.1016/0272-7757(81)90028-5.
Eurostat. 2019b. Employment and Unemployment (Labour Force Survey). Luxembourg: Eurostat Database.
Fays, V., B., Mahy, F., Rycx, and M., Volral. 2019. “ Wage Discrimination Based on the Country of Birth: Do Tenure and Product Market Competition Matter? ” IZA Discussion Paper No. 12706.
Fougère, D., and M., Safi. 2011. “ How Acquiring French Citizenship Affects Immigrant Employment.” In Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants? Paris: OECD, 132-144.
FPS Employment and Unia. 2019. Monitoring socio-économique: Marché du travail et origine. Brussels: FPS Employment and Unia Publishing.
Friedberg, R., 2000. “ You Can’t Take It with You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital.” Journal of Labor Economics 18 (2): 221–251. doi: 10.1086/209957.
Garnero, A., F., Rycx, and I., Terraz. 2018. “ Productivity and Wage Effects of Firm-level Collective Agreements: Evidence from Belgian Linked Panel Data.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 11568.
Garnero, A., S., Kampelmann, and F., Rycx. 2014. “ The Heterogeneous Effects of Workforce Diversity on Productivity, Wages and Profits.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 53 (3): 430–477.
Goel, D., and K., Lang. 2019. “ Social Ties and the Job Search of Recent Immigrants.” ILR Review 72 (2): 355–381. doi: 10.1177/0019793917729350.
Green, C., P., Kler, and G., Leeves. 2007. “ Immigrant Overeducation: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Australia ” Economics of Education Review. 26 (4): 420–432. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.02.005.
Griesshaber, N., and V., Seibel. 2015. “ Over-education among Immigrants in Europe: The Value of Civic Involvement.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (3): 374–398. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2014.915192.
Grinza, E., S., Kampelmann, and F., Rycx. 2020. L’union Fait La Force? Evidence for Wage Discrimination in Firms with High Diversity. Journal of Economic Inequality, 18 (2): 181-211.
Harcourt, M., H., Lam, S., Harcourt, and M., Flynn. 2008. “ Discrimination in Hiring against Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: The Effect of Unionization.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (1): 98–115. doi: 10.1080/09585190701763958.
Hartog, J., 2000. “ Over-education and Earnings: Where are We, Where Should We Go? ” Economics of Education Review 19 (2): 131–147. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00050-3.
Hirsch, B., and E., Jahn. 2015. “ Is There Monopsonistic Discrimination against Immigrants? ” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 68 (3): 501–528. doi: 10.1177/0019793915572124.
Joona, P., N., Gupta, and E., Wadensjö. 2014. “ Overeducation among Immigrants in Sweden: Incidence, Wage Effects and State Dependence.” IZA Journal of Migration 3 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/2193-9039-3-9.
Kalfa, E., and M., Piracha. 2017. “ Immigrants’ Educational Mismatch and the Penalty of Over-education.” Education Economics 25 (5): 462–481. doi: 10.1080/09645292.2017.1298728.
Kampelmann, S., 2011. “ The Socio-economics of Pay Rules.” Doctoral dissertation in economics, Université Lille 1 and Université libre de Bruxelles, May.
Kampelmann, S., and F., Rycx. 2016. “ Wage Discrimination against Immigrants: Measurement with Firm-level Productivity Data.” IZA Journal of Migration 5 (15): 1–24. doi: 10.1186/s40176-016-0063-1.
Karakaya, G., R., Plasman, and F., Rycx. 2007. “ Overeducation on the Belgian Labour Market: Evaluation and Analysis of the Explanatory Factors through Two Types of Approaches.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 37 (4): 513–532. doi: 10.1080/03057920701366317.
Kifle, T., P., Kler, and C., Fleming. 2019. “ The Assimilation Immigrants: Does Occupation Matter? ” Applied Economics 51 (17): 1841–1854. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1529398.
Kiker, B., M., Santos, and M., de Oliveira. 1997. “ Overeducation and Undereducation: Evidence for Portugal.” Economics of Education Review 16 (2): 111–125. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7757(96)00040-4.
Kler, P., 2007. “ A Panel Data Investigation into Over-education among Tertiary Educated Australian Immigrants.” Journal of Economic Studies 34 (3): 179–193. doi: 10.1108/01443580710772759.
Konrad, A., and F., Linnehan. 1995. “ Formalized HRM Structures: Coordinating Equal Employment Opportunity or Concealing Organizational Practices.” Academy of Management Journal 3 (38): 787–820. doi: 10.5465/256746.
Lallemand, T., and F., Rycx. 2006. “ Establishment Size and the Dispersion of Wages: Evidence from European Countries.” Applied Economics Quartely - Konjoncturpolitik 52 (4): 309–336.
Lallemand, T., R., Plasman, and F., Rycx. 2007. “ The Establishment-size Wage Premium: Evidence from European Countries.” Empirica 34 (5): 427–451. doi: 10.1007/s10663-007-9042-3.
Lindley, J., 2009. “ The Over-education of UK Immigrants and Minority Ethnic Groups: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey.” Economics of Education Review 28 (1): 80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.11.003.
Maani, S. A., and L., Wen. 2018. “ A Panel Study of Immigrants’ Overeducation and Earnings in Australia.” International Migration 56 (2): 177–200. doi: 10.1111/imig.12425.
Martiniello, M., 2003. “ Belgium’s Immigration Policy.” International Migration Review 37 (1): 225–232. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00135.x.
Martiniello, M., and A., Rea. 2012. Une brève histoire de l’immigration en Belgique. Bruxelles: Federation Wallonie Bruxelles.
Matano, A., S., Nieto, and R., Ramos. 2015. “ Educational Mismatches in the EU: Immigrants Vs Natives.” International Journal of Manpower 36 (4): 540–561. doi: 10.1108/IJM-11-2013-0260.
McGoldrick, K., and J., Robst. 1996. “ Gender Differences in Overeducation: A Test of the Theory of Differential Overqualification.” American Economic Review 86 (2): 280–284.
Nielsen, C. P., 2011. “ Immigrant Over-education: Evidence from Denmark.” Journal of Population Economics 24 (2): 499–520. doi: 10.1007/s00148-009-0293-0.
Piracha, M., M., Tani, and F., Vadean. 2012. “ Immigrant Over-and Under-education: The Role of Home Country Labour Market Experience.” IZA Journal of Migration 1 (1): 1–21. doi: 10.1186/2193-9039-1-3.
Piton, C., and F., Rycx. 2020. “ The Heterogeneous Employment Outcomes of First- and Second-generation Immigrants in Belgium.” NBB Working Paper No. 381.
Plasman, R., M., Rusinek, and F., Rycx. 2007. “ Wages and the Bargaining Regime under Multi-level Bargaining: Belgium, Denmark and Spain.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 13 (2): 161–180. doi: 10.1177/0959680107078251.
Ramos, R., E., Sanromá, and H., Simón. 2015. “ Portability of Human Capital and Immigrant Overeducation in Spain.” Population Research and Policy Review 34 (2): 223–241. doi: 10.1007/s11113-014-9340-y.
Rosen, A., C., Boll, and A., Wolf. 2019. “ Patterns of Over-education in Europe: The Role of Field Study.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy 9 (3): 48.
Rubb, S., 2013. “ Overeducation, Undereducation and Asymmetric Information in Occupational Mobility.” Applied Economics 45 (6): 741–751. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2011.610754.
Steinhardt, M. F., 2011. “ The Impact of Naturalisation on Immigrant Labour Market Integration in Germany and Switzerland.” In Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants? Paris: OECD: 146-153.
United Nations. 2014. Country Classification System. New-York: United Nations; p. 1–3.
Verdugo, R., and N., Verdugo. 1989. “ The Impact of Surplus Schooling on Earnings: Some Additional Findings.” Journal of Human Resources 24 (4): 629. doi: 10.2307/145998.