[en] An essential prerequisite to safeguard pollinator species is characterisation of the multifaceted diversity of crop pollinators and identification of the drivers of pollinator community changes across biogeographical gradients. The extent to which intensive agriculture is associated with the homogenisation of biological communities at large spatial scales remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated diversity drivers for 644 bee species/morphospecies in 177 commercial apple orchards across 33 countries and four global biogeographical biomes. Our findings reveal significant taxonomic dissimilarity among biogeographical zones. Interestingly, despite this dissimilarity, species from different zones share similar higher-level phylogenetic groups and similar ecological and behavioural traits (i.e. functional traits), likely due to habitat filtering caused by perennial monoculture systems managed intensively for crop production. Honey bee species dominated orchard communities, while other managed/manageable and wild species were collected in lower numbers. Moreover, the presence of herbaceous, uncultivated open areas and organic management practices were associated with increased wild bee diversity. Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of large-scale analyses contributing to the emerging fields of functional and phylogenetic diversity, which can be related to ecosystem function to promote biodiversity as a key asset in agroecosystems in the face of global change pressures.
Disciplines :
Zoology
Author, co-author :
Leclercq, N; Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: Nicolas.Leclercq@ulb.be
Marshall, L; Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, Netherlands
Weekers, T; Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Basu, P; Centre for Pollination Studies, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Benda, D; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Bevk, D; Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bhattacharya, R; Centre for Pollination Studies, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Bogusch, P; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Bontšutšnaja, A; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Bortolotti, L; CREA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy
Cabirol, N; Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, UNAM, México City, Mexico
Calderón-Uraga, E; Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, UNAM, México City, Mexico
Carvalho, R; Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Castro, S; Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Chatterjee, S; Centre for Pollination Studies, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
De La Cruz Alquicira, M; Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, UNAM, México City, Mexico
de Miranda, J R; Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 05, Sweden
Dirilgen, T; School of Agriculture and Food Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Dorchin, Achik ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Dorji, K; College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Punakha, Bhutan
Drepper, B; Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Flaminio, Simone ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Gailis, J; Institute for Plant Protection Research Agrihorts, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
Galloni, M; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gaspar, H; Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Gikungu, M W; Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Hatteland, B A; Division for Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Aas, Norway, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Hinojosa-Diaz, I; Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, UNAM, México City, Mexico
Hostinská, L; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Howlett, B G; The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
Hung, K-L J; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada, Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
Hutchinson, L; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Jesus, R O; Graduate Program in Ecology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Karklina, N; Institute for Plant Protection Research Agrihorts, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
Khan, M S; Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Loureiro, J; Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Men, X; Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology,Jinan 250100, China
Molenberg, J-M; Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Mudri-Stojnić, S; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Nikolic, P; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Normandin, E; Centre sur la biodiversité, Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, QC, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
Osterman, J; General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany, Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Ouyang, F; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Oygarden, A S; Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
Ozolina-Pole, L; Institute for Plant Protection Research Agrihorts, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
Ozols, N; Institute for Plant Protection Research Agrihorts, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
Parra Saldivar, A; Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), Santiago, Chile
Paxton, R J; General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
Pitts-Singer, T; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Poveda, K; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 4126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Prendergast, K; Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
Quaranta, M; CREA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy
Read, S F J; The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
Reinhardt, S; Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
Rojas-Oropeza, M; Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, UNAM, México City, Mexico
Ruiz, C; Departamento Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
Rundlöf, M; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Sade, A; Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel
Sandberg, C; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Calluna AB, Husargatan 3, Malmö, 211 28, Sweden
Sgolastra, F; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Shah, S F; Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
Shebl, M A; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
Soon, V; Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
Stanley, D A; School of Agriculture and Food Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Straka, J; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Theodorou, P; General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
Tobajas, E; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
Vaca-Uribe, J L; Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá,111321, Colombia
Vera, A; Departamento de Biología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), Santiago, Chile
Villagra, C A; Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), Santiago, Chile
Williams, M-K; Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Wolowski, M; Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Wood, Thomas James ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Yan, Z; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Zhang, Q; Beijing Biodiversity Conservation Research Center/Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing 100076, China
Vereecken, N J; Agroecology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
This work was supported by the (i) “Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique” (F.R.S.-FNRS) and the (ii) “Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek” (FWO) joint programme “EOS – Excellence Of Science” (Belgium) for the project named “CliPS: Climate change and its effects on Pollination Services (project 30947854 )”, and by (iii) the “Fonds Van Buuren & Fondation Jaumotte Demoulin” .This study was also partly supported by (i) the Slovenian Research Agency (Slovenia) (projects P1-0255 and V1-1938 ); (ii) the EU Horizon-2020 Research and Innovation grant agreement 773921 (PoshBee: Pan-European assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees); (iii) the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) grants 2018-02283 (MixToxBee) and 2018-01020 (Integration of Pollinator and Pest Management Systems); (iv) the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia (project “Occurrence of the most important insect species for agriculture in Latvia”); (v) the Directorate of Agriculture of Norway (project “Pollination in fruit orchards - landscape effects and effects of pesticides on pollinating insects”); (vi) the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship PDF-532773-2019 ; (vii) the Science Foundation Ireland as part of the SUSPOLL project under Grant number 17/CDA/4689 ; (viii) the Rosemount Environmental Research Station, University College Dublin ; (ix) the CULTIVAR project ( CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000020 ), co-financed by the Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020, Portugal 2020 and European Union, through European Fund for Regional Development ( ERDF ); (x) the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic ( DKRVO 2019-2023/5.I.d , National Museum, 00023272) and (xi) the PoliMax Operational Project ( PDR2020-101-031727 ) co-financed by Portugal 2020 and European Union, through European Fund for Regional Development ( ERDF ).We deeply thank all the people involved who made this study possible: from students to the various researchers and experts for their help in fields or for the material identification, to the producers who allowed access to their land. More specifically, we want to thank: A. Afonso, F. Archibald, L. Baltz, A.H. Bautista, F. Benton, H. Castro, M. Castro, M. Colarič Bajc, S. Fan, A. Gogala, P. Gray, M.K. Halvorsen, K. Hill, S.M.M. Høydal, K. Johnson, B. Koderman, R. Mavec, L. Mota, J. Mrozek, H.V.B. Ørbæk, K.N. Paulsen, M. Santamaría, C. Sheffield, C. Siopa, Š. Slanič, A. Štuhec, D. Tavares, L. Téllez, A. Vogrin, and T. Wilson. This work was supported by the (i) “Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique” (F.R.S.-FNRS) and the (ii) “Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek” (FWO) joint programme “EOS – Excellence Of Science” (Belgium) for the project named “CliPS: Climate change and its effects on Pollination Services (project 30947854)”, and by (iii) the “Fonds Van Buuren & Fondation Jaumotte Demoulin”. This study was also partly supported by (i) the Slovenian Research Agency (Slovenia) (projects P1-0255 and V1-1938); (ii) the EU Horizon-2020 Research and Innovation grant agreement 773921 (PoshBee: Pan-European assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees); (iii) the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) grants 2018-02283 (MixToxBee) and 2018-01020 (Integration of Pollinator and Pest Management Systems); (iv) the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia (project “Occurrence of the most important insect species for agriculture in Latvia”); (v) the Directorate of Agriculture of Norway (project “Pollination in fruit orchards - landscape effects and effects of pesticides on pollinating insects”); (vi) the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship PDF-532773-2019; (vii) the Science Foundation Ireland as part of the SUSPOLL project under Grant number 17/CDA/4689; (viii) the Rosemount Environmental Research Station, University College Dublin; (ix) the CULTIVAR project (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000020), co-financed by the Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020, Portugal 2020 and European Union, through European Fund for Regional Development (ERDF); (x) the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2019-2023/5.I.d, National Museum, 00023272) and (xi) the PoliMax Operational Project (PDR2020-101-031727) co-financed by Portugal 2020 and European Union, through European Fund for Regional Development (ERDF).
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