allylamine; glass transition; growth mechanism; plasma polymer; substrate temperature; Allyl amine; Cross-linking degree; Deposition kinetics; Energy density; Films properties; Glass transition temperature Tg; Growth mechanisms; Plasma polymer films; Plasma-polymers; Substrates temperature; Mechanics of Materials; Mechanical Engineering
Abstract :
[en] This work aims to investigate the impact of the substrate temperature on the growth mechanism of allylamine-based plasma polymer films (PPF). A comprehensive study of the PPF physicochemical properties, including the mechanical properties, the glass transition temperature, the chemical composition, the cross-linking degree and the deposition kinetics, is performed and correlated to plasma chemistry. As the substrate temperature evolves from -10°C to 45°C, the glass transition temperature is observed to increase from 75°C to 230°C. This evolution is correlated to an increase in cross-linking degree, modulated by the energy density brought by ion bombardment during film growth. The energy density is, in turn, significantly influenced by the deposition kinetics which strongly depend on the thermal conditions of the substrate, as evidenced by the growth rate decrease from 5.4 to 1.6 nm/min with the substrate temperature. Similarities are observed with another allyl-based PPF family, suggesting a comparable growth mechanism but distinct film properties attributed to differences in growth rate. Overall, this study highlights the combined role of precursor chemistry and substrate temperature as key parameters for fine tuning of plasma polymer film properties.
Disciplines :
Chemistry Physics
Author, co-author :
Dantinne, Robin ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Chimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface
Vinx, Nathan ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Administration > Service d'Appui Pédagogique
Leclère, Philippe ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Physique des Nanomatériaux et Energie
Cossement, Damien ; Université de Mons - UMONS ; Materia Nova Research Center, Parc Initialis, Mons, Belgium
Poleunis, Claude; Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique De Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Delcorte, Arnaud; Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique De Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Thiry, Damien ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Chimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface
Language :
English
Title :
Influence of the Substrate Temperature on the Growth Mechanism of Allylamine Plasma Polymer Films
R400 - Institut de Recherche en Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux
Funders :
Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique
Funding number :
40007942; 40007941; 40029691
Funding text :
This publication is supported by the French Community of Belgium (\u201CCommunaut\u00E9 fran\u00E7aise de Belgique\u201D) through a FRIA grant. The research at LPNE is partly supported by F.R.S.\u2013 FNRS PDR Project, Belgium (40007942) and F.R.S.\u2013 FNRS Grands Equipements Project (40007941) (Belgium).
D. Thiry, N. Britun, S. Konstantinidis, et al., “Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Effect of the Inductive-to-Capacitive Transition in Propanethiol Plasma Polymer Chemistry,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117 (2013): 9843–9851, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp400829z.
L. Denis, P. Marsal, Y. Olivier, et al., “Deposition of Functional Organic Thin Films by Pulsed Plasma Polymerization: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 7 (2010): 172–181, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200900131.
A. Fahmy, R. Mix, A. Schönhals, and J. F. Friedrich, “Structure–Property Relationship of Thin Plasma Deposited Poly(allyl alcohol) Films,” Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 31 (2011): 477–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-011-9297-0.
S. A. Voronin, M. Zelzer, C. Fotea, M. R. Alexander, and J. W. Bradley, “Pulsed and Continuous Wave Acrylic Acid Radio Frequency Plasma Deposits: Plasma and Surface Chemistry,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111 (2007): 3419–3429, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp068488z.
E. Makhneva, A. Manakhov, P. Skládal, and L. Zajíčková, “Development of Effective QCM Biosensors by Cyclopropylamine Plasma Polymerization and Antibody Immobilization Using Cross-linking Reactions,” Surface and Coatings Technology 290 (2016): 116–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.09.035.
P. Sťahel, V. Mazánková, K. Tomečková, et al., “Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerized Oxazoline-Based Thin Films—Antibacterial Properties and Cytocompatibility Performance,” Polymers 11 (2019): 2069, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122069.
B. Joseph, N. Ninan, R. M. Visalakshan, et al., “Insights Into the Biomechanical Properties of Plasma Treated 3D Printed PCL Scaffolds Decorated With Gold Nanoparticles,” Composites Science and Technology 202 (2021): 108544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108544.
N. Inagaki, Plasma Surface Modification and Plasma Polymerization (CRC Press Inc, 1996), https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498710831.
H. Biederman, Plasma Polymer Films (Imperial College Press, 2004), https://doi.org/10.1142/p336.
L. M. Han, R. B. Timmons, and W. W. Lee, “Pulsed Plasma Polymerization of an Aromatic Perfluorocarbon Monomer: Formation of Low Dielectric Constant, High Thermal Stability Films,” Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 18 (2000): 799–804, https://doi.org/10.1116/1.591279.
F. Fally, C. Doneux, J. Riga, and J. J. Verbist, “Quantification of the Functional Groups Present at the Surface of Plasma Polymers Deposited From Propylamine, Allylamine, and Propargylamine,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995): 597–614, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560509.
J. Ryssy, E. Prioste-Amaral, D. F. N. Assuncao, et al., “Chemical and Physical Processes in the Retention of Functional Groups in Plasma Polymers Studied by Plasma Phase Mass Spectroscopy,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18 (2016): 4496–4504, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05850C.
D. Thiry, M. Pouyanne, D. Cossement, A. Hemberg, and R. Snyders, “Surface Engineering of Bromine-Based Plasma Polymer Films: A Step Toward High Thiol Density Containing Organic Coatings,” Langmuir 34 (2018): 7655–7662, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01045.
J. Petersen, J. Bardon, A. Dinia, D. Ruch, and N. Gherardi, “Organosilicon Coatings Deposited in Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharge for Gas Barrier Purpose: Effect of Substrate Temperature on Structure and Properties,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4 (2012): 5872–5882, https://doi.org/10.1021/am3015229.
H. Yasuda and C. R. Wang, “Plasma Polymerization Investigated by the Substrate Temperature Dependence,” Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1, Polymer Chemistry 23 (1985): 87–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.170230110.
R. Dantinne, N. Vinx, P. Leclère, et al., “Investigating the Influence of the Substrate Temperature and the Organic Precursor on the Mechanical Properties of Low-Pressure Plasma Polymer Films,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 21 (2024): 2400166, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202400166.
N. Vinx, P. Leclère, C. Poleunis, et al., “The Influence of the Substrate Temperature on the Growth Mechanism of Amine- and Thiol-based Plasma Polymers: A Comparative study,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 21 (2023): 2300138, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202300138.
N. Vinx, P. Damman, P. Leclère, et al., “Investigating the Relationship Between the Mechanical Properties of Plasma Polymer-Like Thin Films and Their Glass Transition Temperature,” Soft Matter 17 (2021): 10032–10041, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM01134K.
N. Vinx, D. Tromont, A. Chauvin, P. Leclère, R. Snyders, and D. Thiry, “Designing Nanostructured Organic-Based Material by Combining Plasma Polymerization and the Wrinkling Approach,” Langmuir 39 (2023): 15231–15237, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01873.
S. A. Raut, N. Vinx, D. Tromont, et al., “Unlocking the Potential of Liquid Plasma Polymer Films: Characterizing Aging Effects and Their Impact on the Wrinkling Phenomenon,” Langmuir 40 (2024): 14633–14640, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01552.
D. Thiry, N. Vinx, P. Damman, et al., “The Wrinkling Concept Applied to Plasma-Deposited Polymer-Like Thin Films: A Promising Method for the Fabrication of Flexible Electrodes,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 17 (2020): 2000119, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202000119.
B. Finke, H. Rebl, F. Hempel, et al., “Aging of Plasma-Polymerized Allylamine Nanofilms and the Maintenance of Their Cell Adhesion Capacity,” Langmuir 30 (2014): 13914–13924, https://doi.org/10.1021/la5019778.
X. Liu, Q. Feng, A. Bachhuka, and K. Vasilev, “Surface Modification by Allylamine Plasma Polymerization Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 (2014): 9733–9741, https://doi.org/10.1021/am502170s.
S. Swaraj, U. Oran, A. Lippitz, J. F. Friedrich, and W. E. S. Unger, “Study of Influence of External Plasma Parameters on Plasma Polymerised Films Prepared From Organic Molecules (acrylic acid, allyl alcohol, allyl amine) Using XPS and NEXAFS,” Surface and Coatings Technology 200 (2005): 494–497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.083.
A. Kwaśniewska, M. Świetlicki, A. Prószyński, and G. Gładyszewski, “The Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping of Starch/Kaolin Film Surfaces by Peak Force AFM,” Polymers 13 (2021): 244, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020244.
K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, and A. D. Roberts, “Surface Energy and the Contact of Elastic Solids,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 324 (1971): 301–313, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0141.
S. Ligot, E. Bousser, D. Cossement, et al., “Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Cross-Linking Degree of Ethyl Lactate Plasma Polymer Films,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 12 (2015): 508–518, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201400162.
J. Bicerano, “Glass Transition,” in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001), 655–677, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.pst149.
V. R. Gowariker, J. Sreedar, and N. V. Viswanathan, Polymer Science (Halsted Press, 1986).
C. Poleunis, V. Cristaudo, and A. Delcorte, “Temperature Dependence of Ar n+ Cluster Backscattering From Polymer Surfaces: A New Method to Determine the Surface Glass Transition Temperature,” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 29 (2018): 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-017-1840-7.
K. L. Ngai, “The Glass Transition and the Glassy State,” in Physical Properties of Polymers (Cambridge University Press, 2004): 72–152, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165167.003.
T. R. Gengenbach and H. J. Griesser, “Deposition Conditions Influence the Postdeposition Oxidation of Methyl Methacrylate Plasma Polymer Films,” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998): 985–1000, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980430)36:6<985::AID-POLA14>3.0.CO;2-H.
A. J. Beck, S. Candan, R. D. Short, A. Goodyear, and N. S. J. Braithwaite, “The Role of Ions in the Plasma Polymerization of Allylamine,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105 (2001): 5730–5736, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0043468.
L. Denis, D. Cossement, T. Godfroid, et al., “Synthesis of Allylamine Plasma Polymer Films: Correlation Between Plasma Diagnostic and Film Characteristics,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 6 (2009): 199–208, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200800137.
A. Choukourov, H. Biederman, D. Slavinska, et al., “Mechanistic Studies of Plasma Polymerization of Allylamine,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 (2005): 23086–23095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0535691.
S. Candan, “Radio Frequency-Induced Plasma Polymerization of Allyl Alcohol and 1-propanol,” Turkish Journal of Chemistry 26 (2002): 783–791.
M. B. Larsen, S.-J. Wang, and M. A. Hillmyer, “Poly(allyl alcohol) Homo- and Block Polymers by Postpolymerization Reduction of an Activated Polyacrylamide,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 140 (2018): 11911–11915, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b07542.
L. Denis, D. Thiry, D. Cossement, et al., “Towards the Understanding of Plasma Polymer Film Behaviour in Ethanol: A Multi-technique Investigation,” Progress in Organic Coatings 70 (2011): 134–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.11.006.
A. Choukourov, H. Biederman, I. Kholodkov, D. Slavinska, M. Trchova, and A. Hollander, “Properties of Amine-Containing Coatings Prepared by Plasma Polymerization,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92 (2004): 979–990, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.13387.
L. Eriksson, E. Johansson, N. Kettaneth-Wold, et al., Multi- and Megavariate Data Analysis Basic Principles and Applications, Vol. 1 (Umetrics Academy (Umetrics AB), 2006).
D. Cossement, F. Renaux, D. Thiry, S. Ligot, R. Francq, and R. Snyders, “Chemical and Microstructural Characterizations of Plasma Polymer Films by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Principal Component Analysis,” Applied Surface Science 355 (2015): 842–848, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.066.
D. Thiry, R. Francq, D. Cossement, M. Guillaume, J. Cornil, and R. Snyders, “A Detailed Description of the Chemistry of Thiol Supporting Plasma Polymer Films,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 11 (2014): 606–615, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201400015.
V. Cristaudo, D. Merche, C. Poleunis, et al., “Ex-Situ SIMS Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Polystyrene Near Atmospheric Pressure,” Applied Surface Science 481 (2019): 1490–1502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.032.
F. J. Aparicio, D. Thiry, P. Laha, and R. Snyders, “Wide Range Control of the Chemical Composition and Optical Properties of Propanethiol Plasma Polymer Films by Regulating the Deposition Temperature,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 13 (2016): 814–822, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201500212.
H. Kobayashi, A. T. Bell, and M. Shen, “Plasma Polymerization of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons,” Macromolecules 7 (1974): 277–283, https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60039a005.
R. Snyders, D. Hegemann, D. Thiry, O. Zabeida, J. Klemberg-Sapieha, and L. Martinu, “Foundations of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Functional Coatings,” Plasma Sources Science and Technology 32 (2023): 074001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/acdabc.
J. Friedrich, “Mechanisms of Plasma Polymerization—Reviewed From a Chemical Point of View,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 8 (2011): 783–802, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201100038.
D. Thiry, S. Konstantinidis, J. Cornil, and R. Snyders, “Plasma Diagnostics for the Low-Pressure Plasma Polymerization Process: A Critical Review,” Thin Solid Films 606 (2016): 19–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.02.058.
C. Hopf, T. Schwarz-Selinger, W. Jacob, and A. Keudell, “Surface Loss Probabilities of Hydrocarbon Radicals on Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Film Surfaces,” Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000): 2719–2725, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.372246.
D. Hegemann, “Macroscopic Investigation of Reaction Rates Yielding Plasma Polymer Deposition,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 46 (2013): 205204, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/20/205204.
A. Keudell, “Surface Processes During Thin-Film Growth,” Plasma Sources Science and Technology 9 (2000): 455–467, https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/9/4/302.
T. B. Casserly and K. K. Gleason, “Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Plasma Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate),” Chemical Vapor Deposition 12 (2006): 59–66, https://doi.org/10.1002/cvde.200506409.
D. Thiry, F. Reniers, and R. Snyders, “A Joint Mechanistic Description of Plasma Polymers Synthesized at Low and Atmospheric Pressure,” in Surface Modification of Polymers (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2019), 67–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527819249.ch3.
R. D'Agostino, F. Cramarossa, F. Fracassi, et al., “Polymer Film Formation in C2F6 H2 Discharges,” Thin Solid Films 143 (1986): 163–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(86)90384-6.
B. A. De Moor, M.-F. Reyniers, and G. B. Marin, “Physisorption and Chemisorption of Alkanes and Alkenes in H-FAU: A Combined Ab Initio–Statistical Thermodynamics Study,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11 (2009): 2939, https://doi.org/10.1039/b819435c.
A. S. Raman and A. Vojvodic, “Energy Trends in Adsorption at Surfaces,” in Handbook of Materials Modeling (Springer International Publishing, 2020), 1321–1341, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44680-6_2.
K. Horn and M. Scheffler, Electronic Structure (Elsevier Science, 2000).
D. Hegemann, U. Schütz, and E. Körner, “Macroscopic Approach to Plasma Polymerization Using the Concept of Energy Density,” Plasma Processes and Polymers 8 (2011): 689–694, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201000211.
D. Hegemann, E. Körner, N. Blanchard, M. Drabik, and S. Guimond, “Densification of Functional Plasma Polymers by Momentum Transfer During Film Growth,” Applied Physics Letters 101 (2012): 211603, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4767999.
M. Chundak, C. Poleunis, V. Delmez, et al., “Argon Gas Cluster Fragmentation and Scattering as a Probe of the Surface Physics of Thermoset Polymers,” Applied Surface Science 533 (2020): 147473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147473.
P. Trtik, J. Kaufmann, and U. Volz, “On the Use of Peak-force Tapping Atomic Force Microscopy for Quantification of the Local Elastic Modulus in Hardened Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research 42 (2012): 215–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.08.009.
B. Pittenger, S. Osechinskiy, D. Yablon, and T. Mueller, “Nanoscale DMA With the Atomic Force Microscope: A New Method for Measuring Viscoelastic Properties of Nanostructured Polymer Materials,” Jom Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society 71 (2019): 3390–3398, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03698-z.
M. Morháč and V. Matoušek, “Peak Clipping Algorithms for Background Estimation in Spectroscopic Data,” Applied Spectroscopy 62 (2008): 91–106, https://doi.org/10.1366/000370208783412762.