Apple; Beta diversity; Climate; Dissimilarity; Malus domestica; Pollinator monitoring; Ecology; Animal Science and Zoology; Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract :
[en] Safeguarding crop pollination services requires the identification of the pollinator species involved and the provision of their ecological requirements at multiple spatial scales. However, the potential for agroecological intensification of pollinator-dependent crops by harnessing pollinator diversity is limited by our capacity to characterise the community of pollinator species for each crop, and to determine how it is influenced by the different survey methods used, as well as by climatic variables at larger geographic scales. Here, we surveyed wild bees using a standardised protocol at an unprecedented scale including 62 commercial apple orchards in Western and Central Europe (i) to validate recent findings on pollinator community divergence as measured by common survey methods (netting and pan trapping) using conventional and alternative biodiversity metrics (phylogenetic and functional diversity), and (ii) to investigate the impact of climatic variation on the patterns observed. Our results confirm the significant divergence in pollinator communities measured using the two common methods at the larger, sub-continental scale, and we provide evidence for a significant influence of climate on the magnitude of pollinator community divergence (beta diversity and its turnover component) between survey methods, particularly when comparing colder to warmer sites and regions. We also found that warmer sites are more dissimilar than colder sites in terms of species composition, functional traits, or phylogenetic affinities. This result probably stems from the comparatively larger species pool in Southern Europe and because apple flowers are accessible to a wide spectrum of pollinator species; hence, two distant survey localities in Southern Europe are more likely to differ significantly in their pollinator community. Collectively, our results demonstrate the spatially-varying patterns of pollinator communities associated with common survey methods along a climate gradient and at the sub-continental scale in Europe.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Entomology & pest control Zoology
Benda, D.; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Bevk, D.; National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bogusch, P.; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Cejas, D.; Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
Drepper, B.; Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Galloni, M.; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Gerard, Maxence ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; INSECT Lab, Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Ghisbain, Guillaume ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
Hutchinson, L.; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Martinet, Baptiste ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Michez, Denis ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie
Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Funding text :
This work was supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) joint programme “EOS – Excellence Of Science” (Belgium) for the project named “CliPS: Climate change and its effects on Pollination Services (project 30947854 )". This study was also partly supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (Slovenia) (projects P1-0255 and V1-1938 ). Thanks to apple growers who accepted to access to their land. Thanks to L. Bortolotti, A. Danneels, S. De Greef, F. Denis, S. Flaminio, S. Golubovic, H. Hainaut, L. Hlavackova, I. Ledonne, R. Milasin, Ž. Mitrovic, S. Morelli, J. Mrozek, V. Nocent, R.J. Paxton, L. Rodic, F. Sgolastra, S. Slanic, J. Strakova, A. Stuhec, P. Theodorou, G. Toselli, B. Valkenborg, and H. Van Ryckel for undertaking the fieldwork. Thanks to L.M. Baltz, S. Flaminio, A. Gogala, B. Koderman, J. Osterman, A. Pauly, R.J. Paxton, and M. Quaranta for their assistance with the identification of the specimens collected.
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